{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:32:09Z","timestamp":1792794729682,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,22]],"date-time":"2020-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Macy Easom Cancer Research Foundation","award":["none"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["none"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004917","name":"Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RP180674"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP180674"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common pediatric liver malignancy. Management of HB requires multidisciplinary efforts. The 5-year overall survival of this disease is about 80% in developed countries. Despite advances in the care of these patients, survival in recurrent or treatment-refractory disease is lower than 50%. This is due to more complex tumor biology, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-like mutations and expression of aggressive gene signatures leading to chemoresistance, vascular invasion, and metastatic spread. The current treatment protocols for pediatric liver cancer do not incorporate targeted therapies, and the ability to test these therapies is limited due to the inaccessibility of cell lines and mouse models. In this review, we discuss the current status of preclinical animal modeling in pediatric liver cancer, primarily HB. Although HB is a rare cancer, the research community has worked together to develop a range of interesting and relevant mouse models for diverse preclinical studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12020273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,24]],"date-time":"2020-01-24T11:01:00Z","timestamp":1579863660000},"page":"273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Animal Modeling of Pediatric Liver Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9093-0388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard S.","family":"Whitlock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Pediatric Surgery and Surgical Research, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Pediatric Surgical Oncology Laboratory, Texas Children\u2019s Surgical Oncology Program, Texas Children\u2019s Liver Tumor Program, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9140-3806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianyou","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjeev A.","family":"Vasudevan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Pediatric Surgery and Surgical Research, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Pediatric Surgical Oncology Laboratory, Texas Children\u2019s Surgical Oncology Program, Texas Children\u2019s Liver Tumor Program, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Woodfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Pediatric Surgery and Surgical Research, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Pediatric Surgical Oncology Laboratory, Texas Children\u2019s Surgical Oncology Program, Texas Children\u2019s Liver Tumor Program, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1111\/hpb.12112","article-title":"Predictors of survival and incidence of hepatoblastoma in the paediatric population","volume":"15","author":"Allan","year":"2013","journal-title":"HPB"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, I.P., Bondoc, A.J., Geller, J.I., and Tiao, G.M. (2018). Hepatoblastoma\u2014The Evolution of Biology, Surgery, and Transplantation. Children, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/children6010001"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000046","article-title":"Hepatoblastoma state of the art: Pathology, genetics, risk stratification, and chemotherapy","volume":"26","author":"Czauderna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"293","article-title":"Pediatric hepatoblastoma: Diagnosis and treatment","volume":"3","author":"Hiyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl. Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24215","article-title":"The epidemiology of hepatoblastoma","volume":"59","author":"Spector","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatric Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lupo, P.J., Schraw, J.M., Desrosiers, T.A., Nembhard, W.N., Langlois, P.H., Canfield, M.A., Copeland, G., Meyer, R.E., Brown, A.L., and Chambers, T.M. (2019). Association Between Birth Defects and Cancer Risk Among Children and Adolescents in a Population-Based Assessment of 10 Million Live Births. JAMA Oncol., 5.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2019.1215"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pkz007","DOI":"10.1093\/jncics\/pkz007","article-title":"Trends in International Incidence of Pediatric Cancers in Children Under 5 Years of Age: 1988\u20132012","volume":"3","author":"Hubbard","year":"2019","journal-title":"JNCI Cancer Spectr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellerkamp, V., Armeanu-Ebinger, S., Wenz, J., Warmann, S.W., Sch\u00e4fer, J., Ruck, P., and Fuchs, J. (2011). Successful Establishment of an Orthotopic Hepatoblastoma In Vivo Model in NOD\/LtSz-scid IL2R\u03b3null Mice. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023419"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2584","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.22.4857","article-title":"Successful Treatment of Childhood High-Risk Hepatoblastoma With Dose-Intensive Multiagent Chemotherapy and Surgery: Final Results of the SIOPEL-3HR Study","volume":"28","author":"Maibach","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-013-0616-8","article-title":"Current chemotherapeutic approaches for hepatoblastoma","volume":"18","author":"Watanabe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e226","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0b013e31821f0eaf","article-title":"Survival and long-term outcomes in children with hepatoblastoma treated with continuous infusion of cisplatin and doxorubicin","volume":"33","author":"Sivaprakasam","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70272-9","article-title":"Dose-dense cisplatin-based chemotherapy and surgery for children with high-risk hepatoblastoma (SIOPEL-4): A prospective, single-arm, feasibility study","volume":"14","author":"Zsiros","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Establishment of a cell line and its clonal sublines from a patient with hepatoblastoma","volume":"67","author":"Doi","year":"1976","journal-title":"Gan"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(83)91037-9","article-title":"Production of fibronectin by HUH6 C15 cell line established from a human hepatoblastoma","volume":"110","author":"Tanaka","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"809","article-title":"Characterization of the continuous cell line HepT1 derived from a human hepatoblastoma","volume":"74","author":"Pietsch","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2016.00022","article-title":"Hepatoblastoma: A Need for Cell Lines and Tissue Banks to Develop Targeted Drug Therapies","volume":"4","author":"Rikhi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.03.018","article-title":"Subcutaneous and intrahepatic growth of human hepatoblastoma in immunodeficient mice","volume":"45","author":"Schnater","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-009-0213-4","article-title":"Effective inhibition of xenografts of hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) by rapamycin and bevacizumab in an intrahepatic model","volume":"11","author":"Ong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Imaging Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17751","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17665-8","article-title":"A Novel Cell Line Based Orthotopic Xenograft Mouse Model That Recapitulates Human Hepatoblastoma","volume":"7","author":"Woodfield","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(96)90242-0","article-title":"Successful transplantation of human hepatoblastoma into immunodeficient mice","volume":"31","author":"Fuchs","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19820701)50:1<97::AID-CNCR2820500118>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"Establishment of an experimental model of human hepatoblastoma","volume":"50","author":"Hata","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(95)80064-6","article-title":"Proliferation and differentiation of a human hepatoblastoma transplanted in the Nude mouse","volume":"23","author":"Desdouets","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28621","article-title":"Patient-derived mouse xenografts from pediatric liver cancer predict tumor recurrence and advise clinical management","volume":"64","author":"Nicolle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.04.009","article-title":"Novel patient-derived xenograft and cell line models for therapeutic testing of pediatric liver cancer","volume":"65","author":"Legras","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2014.06.018","article-title":"Lin28b is sufficient to drive liver cancer and necessary for its maintenance in murine models","volume":"26","author":"Nguyen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e88549","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.88549","article-title":"Hepatoblastoma modeling in mice places Nrf2 within a cancer field established by mutant \u03b2-catenin","volume":"1","author":"Comerford","year":"2016","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.07.045","article-title":"Multi-organ Mapping of Cancer Risk","volume":"166","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.05.004","article-title":"Activation of \u03b2-Catenin and Yap1 in Human Hepatoblastoma and Induction of Hepatocarcinogenesis in Mice","volume":"147","author":"Tao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"695","article-title":"Establishment and serial quantification of intrahepatic xenografts of human hepatocellular carcinoma in severe combined immunodeficiency mice, and development of therapeutic strategies to overcome multidrug resistance","volume":"2","author":"Arias","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1057","article-title":"Chemotherapy dosing in the setting of liver dysfunction","volume":"19","author":"Eklund","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oncol. Williston Park N. Y."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1696","article-title":"Effect of hepatic dysfunction due to liver metastases on the pharmacokinetics of capecitabine and its metabolites","volume":"5","author":"Twelves","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3954","article-title":"High-throughput screening using patient-derived tumor xenografts to predict clinical trial drug response","volume":"21","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03043","article-title":"MYC inactivation uncovers pluripotent differentiation and tumour dormancy in hepatocellular cancer","volume":"431","author":"Shachaf","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2017","article-title":"Humanized mice in translational biomedical research","volume":"7","author":"Shultz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.070910","article-title":"Liver repopulation and carcinogenesis: Two sides of the same coin?","volume":"172","author":"Marongiu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90615-6","article-title":"Complete hepatic regeneration after somatic deletion of an albumin-plasminogen activator transgene","volume":"66","author":"Sandgren","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8108734","article-title":"Replacement of diseased mouse liver by hepatic cell transplantation","volume":"263","author":"Rhim","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11523","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.23.11523","article-title":"DNA rearrangement causes hepatocarcinogenesis in albumin-plasminogen activator transgenic mice","volume":"89","author":"Sandgren","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0396-266","article-title":"Hepatocytes corrected by gene therapy are selected in vivo in a murine model of hereditary tyrosinaemia type I","volume":"12","author":"Overturf","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(03)00406-4","article-title":"Frequent mutation reversion inversely correlates with clinical severity in a genetic liver disease, hereditary tyrosinemia","volume":"34","author":"Demers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005462804271","article-title":"Therapeutic trials in the murine model of hereditary tyrosinaemia type I: A progress report","volume":"21","author":"Grompe","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0895-453","article-title":"Pharmacological correction of neonatal lethal hepatic dysfunction in a murine model of hereditary tyrosinaemia type I","volume":"10","author":"Grompe","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01537237","article-title":"Liver transplantation for tyrosinemia","volume":"35","author":"Mieles","year":"1990","journal-title":"Digest Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113999","article-title":"Accumulation of PiZ alpha 1-antitrypsin causes liver damage in transgenic mice","volume":"83","author":"Carlson","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"198","article-title":"Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency: From genoma to liver disease. PiZ mouse as model for the development of liver pathology in human","volume":"35","author":"Giovannoni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Liver Int. Off. J. Int. Assoc. Study Liver"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3300947","article-title":"Hydrodynamics-based transfection in animals by systemic administration of plasmid DNA","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2013.12.002","article-title":"Hydrodynamic transfection for generation of novel mouse models for liver cancer research","volume":"184","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-435-7_18","article-title":"The hydrodynamic tail vein assay as a tool for the study of liver promoters and enhancers","volume":"1015","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2011.02646.x","article-title":"Deregulation of Hippo kinase signalling in human hepatic malignancies","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26241","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.754218","article-title":"Coordinated Activities of Multiple Myc-dependent and Myc-independent Biosynthetic Pathways in Hepatoblastoma","volume":"291","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73433","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20622","article-title":"Central role of mTORC1 downstream of YAP\/TAZ in hepatoblastoma development","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2017.07.022","article-title":"Oncogenic Determination of a Broad Spectrum of Phenotypes of Hepatocyte-Derived Mouse Liver Tumors","volume":"187","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14740","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.004099","article-title":"Myc and ChREBP transcription factors cooperatively regulate normal and neoplastic hepatocyte proliferation in mice","volume":"293","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2019.02.002","article-title":"\u03b2-Catenin and Yes-Associated Protein 1 Cooperate in Hepatoblastoma Pathogenesis","volume":"189","author":"Min","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17524","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA119.009979","article-title":"\u03b2-Catenin mutations as determinants of hepatoblastoma phenotypes in mice","volume":"294","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1247135","article-title":"Mouse Models of Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"30","author":"Fausto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2613.2009.00656.x","article-title":"Experimental mouse models for hepatocellular carcinoma research","volume":"90","author":"Heindryckx","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28601","article-title":"Modeling a human hepatocellular carcinoma subset in mice through coexpression of met and point-mutant \u03b2-catenin","volume":"64","author":"Tao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2008.11.002","article-title":"Hepatic stem-like phenotype and interplay of Wnt\/beta-catenin and Myc signaling in aggressive childhood liver cancer","volume":"14","author":"Cairo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3980","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i35.3980","article-title":"Pediatric hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"24","author":"Khanna","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1827.2004.01672.x","article-title":"Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the liver: Case report and literature review","volume":"54","author":"Yuri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pathol. Int."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"375","article-title":"The G401 cell line, utilized for studies of chromosomal changes in Wilms\u2019 tumor, is derived from a rhabdoid tumor of the kidney","volume":"142","author":"Garvin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7922","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1303800110","article-title":"Durable tumor regression in genetically altered malignant rhabdoid tumors by inhibition of methyltransferase EZH2","volume":"110","author":"Knutson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2002.30859","article-title":"Resistance of a VEGF-producing tumor to anti-VEGF antibody: Unimpeded growth of human rhabdoid tumor xenografts","volume":"37","author":"Soffer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.21078","article-title":"The pediatric preclinical testing program: Description of models and early testing results","volume":"49","author":"Houghton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8141107","article-title":"Epidemiology of Hepatic Angiosarcoma in the United States: 1964\u20131974","volume":"41","author":"Falk","year":"1981","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-006-9335-y","article-title":"Treatment and Outcome of 82 Patients with Angiosarcoma","volume":"14","author":"Abraham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.12.052","article-title":"Disruption of Notch1 induces vascular remodeling, intussusceptive angiogenesis, and angiosarcomas in livers of mice","volume":"142","author":"Dill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2014.141","article-title":"Generation of a murine hepatic angiosarcoma cell line and reproducible mouse tumor model","volume":"95","author":"Rothweiler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0000000000000529","article-title":"Undifferentiated Embryonal Sarcoma of the Liver (UESL): A Single-Center Experience and Review of the Literature","volume":"38","author":"Techavichit","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/12\/2\/273\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:44:27Z","timestamp":1760363067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/12\/2\/273"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,22]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers12020273"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers12020273","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,22]]}}}