{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T22:09:52Z","timestamp":1785881392580,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]],"date-time":"2020-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-04-1-0196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-04-1-0196"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The mechanisms that drive ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) progression to invasive cancer are not clear. Studying DCIS progression in humans is challenging and not ethical, thus necessitating the characterization of an animal model that faithfully resembles human disease. We have characterized a canine model of spontaneous mammary DCIS and invasive cancer that shares histologic, molecular, and diagnostic imaging characteristics with DCIS and invasive cancer in women. The purpose of the study was to identify markers and altered signaling pathways that lead to invasive cancer and shed light on early molecular events in breast cancer progression and development. Transcriptomic studies along the continuum of cancer progression in the mammary gland from healthy, through atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), DCIS, and invasive carcinoma were performed using the canine model. Gene expression profiles of preinvasive DCIS lesions closely resemble those of invasive carcinoma. However, certain genes, such as SFRP2, FZD2, STK31, and LALBA, were over-expressed in DCIS compared to invasive cancer. The over-representation of myoepithelial markers, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), canonical Wnt signaling components, and other pathways induced by Wnt family members distinguishes DCIS from invasive. The information gained may help in stratifying DCIS as well as identify actionable targets for primary and tertiary prevention or targeted therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12020418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]],"date-time":"2020-02-11T11:45:30Z","timestamp":1581421530000},"page":"418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Progression in Dog Model of Breast Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sulma","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"},{"name":"Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3453-1948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sagar","family":"Utturkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxwell","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High Dimension Data Analysis Group, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9291-631X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Howard","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High Dimension Data Analysis Group, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhibin","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1819-7070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia","family":"Atallah Lanman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"},{"name":"Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"GuangJun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"},{"name":"Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Ramos Cardona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suresh","family":"Mittal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"},{"name":"Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"},{"name":"Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e248","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2017.00248","article-title":"Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Biology, Biomarkers, and Diagnosis","volume":"7","author":"Gorringe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. 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