{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T21:58:33Z","timestamp":1791496713524,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]],"date-time":"2020-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>PD-L1 expressed on tumor cells contributes to disease progression with evasion from tumor immunity. Plasma cells from multiple myeloma (MM) patients expressed higher levels of PD-L1 compared with healthy volunteers and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) patients, and its expression is significantly upregulated in relapsed\/refractory patients. Furthermore, high PD-L1 expression is induced by the myeloma microenvironment and PD-L1+ patients with MGUS and asymptomatic MM tend to show disease progression. PD-L1 expression on myeloma cells was associated with more proliferative potential and resistance to antimyeloma agents because of activation of the Akt pathway through PD-1-bound PD-L1 in MM cells. Those data suggest that PD-L1 plays a crucial role in the disease progression of MM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12040924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]],"date-time":"2020-04-10T05:31:16Z","timestamp":1586496676000},"page":"924","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["PD-L1\u2013PD-1 Pathway in the Pathophysiology of Multiple Myeloma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hideto","family":"Tamura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama 343-8555, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Hematology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariko","family":"Ishibashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Sunakawa-Kii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3520-7717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koiti","family":"Inokuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1709974","article-title":"Long-Term Follow-up of Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance","volume":"378","author":"Kyle","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. 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