{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T18:54:01Z","timestamp":1789498441821,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":347,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]],"date-time":"2020-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["241295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["241295"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01-CA093900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01-CA093900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bone is a common site for metastases with a local microenvironment that is highly conducive for tumor establishment and growth. The bone marrow is replete with myeloid and lymphoid linage cells that provide a fertile niche for metastatic cancer cells promoting their survival and growth. Here, we discuss the role of macrophages and T cells in pro- and anti-tumoral mechanisms, their interaction to support cancer cell growth, and their contribution to the development of skeletal metastases. Importantly, immunotherapeutic strategies targeting macrophages and T cells in cancer are also discussed in this review as they represent a great promise for patients suffering from incurable bone metastases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12041014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]],"date-time":"2020-04-21T05:48:52Z","timestamp":1587448132000},"page":"1014","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Contribution of Macrophages and T Cells in Skeletal Metastasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1776-4229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Mendoza-Reinoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurie K.","family":"McCauley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7633-8129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierrick G.J.","family":"Fournier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Innovation Department, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y de Educaci\u00f3n Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, BC 22860, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bor.0000231909.35043.da","article-title":"New insights into the role of T cells in the vicious cycle of bone metastases","volume":"18","author":"Fournier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7983","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27553","article-title":"Contribution of regulatory T cells to cancer: A review","volume":"234","author":"Najafi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12998","article-title":"The E3 ligase Cbl-b and TAM receptors regulate cancer metastasis via natural killer cells","volume":"507","author":"Paolino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35782","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.6042","article-title":"Bone marrow macrophages support prostate cancer growth in bone","volume":"6","author":"Soki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4606","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-0305","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as osteoclast progenitors: A novel target for controlling osteolytic bone metastasis","volume":"73","author":"Sawant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1038\/bonekey.2014.95","article-title":"Immune regulation of bone metastasis","volume":"3","author":"Capietto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bonekey Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0609385","article-title":"Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) as major players of the cancer-related inflammation","volume":"86","author":"Solinas","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1027","article-title":"The role of tumour-associated macrophages in tumour progression: Implications for new anticancer therapies","volume":"196","author":"Bingle","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-1823","article-title":"Direct visualization of macrophage-assisted tumor cell intravasation in mammary tumors","volume":"67","author":"Wyckoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-2164","article-title":"A destructive cascade mediated by CCL2 facilitates prostate cancer growth in bone","volume":"69","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4906(02)02302-5","article-title":"Macrophage polarization: Tumor-associated macrophages as a paradigm for polarized M2 mononuclear phagocytes","volume":"23","author":"Mantovani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2004.09.015","article-title":"The chemokine system in diverse forms of macrophage activation and polarization","volume":"25","author":"Mantovani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2448","article-title":"Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation","volume":"8","author":"Mosser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.06.010","article-title":"Tumor-associated macrophages: From mechanisms to therapy","volume":"41","author":"Noy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.09.014","article-title":"Molecular profiling reveals a tumor-promoting phenotype of monocytes and macrophages in human cancer progression","volume":"41","author":"Chittezhath","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendoza-Reinoso, V., Baek, D.Y., Kurutz, A., Rubin, J.R., Koh, A.J., McCauley, L.K., and Roca, H. (2020). Unique Pro-Inflammatory Response of Macrophages during Apoptotic Cancer Cell Clearance. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9020429"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20141836","article-title":"CCL2-induced chemokine cascade promotes breast cancer metastasis by enhancing retention of metastasis-associated macrophages","volume":"212","author":"Kitamura","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3245","article-title":"The immune contexture in human tumours: Impact on clinical outcome","volume":"12","author":"Fridman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI46102","article-title":"Exhaustion of tumor-specific CD8(+) T cells in metastases from melanoma patients","volume":"121","author":"Baitsch","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.07.011","article-title":"Tumor-Specific T Cell Dysfunction Is a Dynamic Antigen-Driven Differentiation Program Initiated Early during Tumorigenesis","volume":"45","author":"Schietinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.24.021605.090733","article-title":"Human T cell responses against melanoma","volume":"24","author":"Boon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-15-0097","article-title":"Progression of Lung Cancer Is Associated with Increased Dysfunction of T Cells Defined by Coexpression of Multiple Inhibitory Receptors","volume":"3","author":"Thommen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.01.008","article-title":"Bone marrow is a major reservoir and site of recruitment for central memory CD8+ T cells","volume":"22","author":"Mazo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V99.4.1449","article-title":"Unique patterns of surface receptors, cytokine secretion, and immune functions distinguish T cells in the bone marrow from those in the periphery: Impact on allogeneic bone marrow transplantation","volume":"99","author":"Zeng","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.11.022","article-title":"The Origin of Tissue-Resident Macrophages: When an Erythro-myeloid Progenitor Is an Erythro-myeloid Progenitor","volume":"43","author":"Perdiguero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13989","article-title":"Tissue-resident macrophages originate from yolk-sac-derived erythro-myeloid progenitors","volume":"518","author":"Klapproth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/pin.12440","article-title":"Role of tumor-associated macrophages in human malignancies: Friend or foe?","volume":"66","author":"Takeya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pathol. Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1252510","article-title":"The cellular and molecular origin of tumor-associated macrophages","volume":"344","author":"Franklin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10138","article-title":"CCL2 recruits inflammatory monocytes to facilitate breast-tumour metastasis","volume":"475","author":"Qian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2019.02.009","article-title":"Human Tumor-Associated Macrophage and Monocyte Transcriptional Landscapes Reveal Cancer-Specific Reprogramming, Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Targets","volume":"35","author":"Cassetta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5728","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-4672","article-title":"Different tumor microenvironments contain functionally distinct subsets of macrophages derived from Ly6C(high) monocytes","volume":"70","author":"Movahedi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s10911-014-9320-1","article-title":"CSF-1R signaling in health and disease: A focus on the mammary gland","volume":"19","author":"Sullivan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mammary. Gland. Biol. Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20180534","article-title":"Macrophages of distinct origins contribute to tumor development in the lung","volume":"215","author":"Loyher","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.10.052","article-title":"Macrophage Ontogeny Underlies Differences in Tumor-Specific Education in Brain Malignancies","volume":"17","author":"Bowman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.07.014","article-title":"Tissue-Resident Macrophages in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Originate from Embryonic Hematopoiesis and Promote Tumor Progression","volume":"47","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1256","article-title":"Tumour-educated macrophages promote tumour progression and metastasis","volume":"4","author":"Pollard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07205","article-title":"Cancer-related inflammation","volume":"454","author":"Mantovani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2016.217","article-title":"Tumour-associated macrophages as treatment targets in oncology","volume":"14","author":"Mantovani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.2.1232","article-title":"Osteal tissue macrophages are intercalated throughout human and mouse bone lining tissues and regulate osteoblast function in vitro and in vivo","volume":"181","author":"Chang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/bonekey.2013.107","article-title":"Unraveling macrophage contributions to bone repair","volume":"2","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bonekey Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"321","article-title":"Bone Metastases: An Overview","volume":"11","author":"Macedo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2016.03.004","article-title":"The role of tumour-associated macrophages in bone metastasis","volume":"5","author":"Sousa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bone Oncol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Battafarano, G., Rossi, M., Marampon, F., and Del Fattore, A. (2018). Cellular and Molecular Mediators of Bone Metastatic Lesions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19061709"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI92466","article-title":"Apoptosis-induced CXCL5 accelerates inflammation and growth of prostate tumor metastases in bone","volume":"128","author":"Roca","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24560","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.571620","article-title":"Polarization of prostate cancer-associated macrophages is induced by milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 (MFG-E8)-mediated efferocytosis","volume":"289","author":"Soki","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, M., Liu, J., Piao, C., Shao, J., and Du, J. (2015). ICAM-1 suppresses tumor metastasis by inhibiting macrophage M2 polarization through blockade of efferocytosis. Cell Death Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2015.144"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2528","article-title":"Trophic macrophages in development and disease","volume":"9","author":"Pollard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91348-P","article-title":"Secretion of epidermal growth factor by macrophages associated with breast carcinoma","volume":"342","author":"Lewis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1281","article-title":"Tumor-associated macrophages regulate murine breast cancer stem cells through a novel paracrine EGFR\/Stat3\/Sox-2 signaling pathway","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9896(200003)190:4<430::AID-PATH538>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Macrophage infiltration is associated with VEGF and EGFR expression in breast cancer","volume":"190","author":"Leek","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14611","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51149-1","article-title":"CD206(+) tumor-associated macrophages promote proliferation and invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma via EGF production","volume":"9","author":"Haque","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1080\/15384047.2018.1564567","article-title":"M2-like tumor-associated macrophages-secreted EGF promotes epithelial ovarian cancer metastasis via activating EGFR-ERK signaling and suppressing lncRNA LIMT expression","volume":"20","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto, M.P., Dye, W.W., Jacobsen, B.M., and Horwitz, K.B. (2014). Malignant stroma increases luminal breast cancer cell proliferation and angiogenesis through platelet-derived growth factor signaling. BMC Cancer, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-14-735"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"5455","article-title":"The role of platelet-derived growth factor production by tumor-associated macrophages in tumor stroma formation in lung cancer","volume":"54","author":"Vignaud","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1874010","article-title":"IL-4 induces cathepsin protease activity in tumor-associated macrophages to promote cancer growth and invasion","volume":"24","author":"Gocheva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.08.035","article-title":"STAT3 and STAT6 Signaling Pathways Synergize to Promote Cathepsin Secretion from Macrophages via IRE1alpha Activation","volume":"16","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5560","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.27182","article-title":"Cathepsin L secretion by host and neoplastic cells potentiates invasion","volume":"10","author":"Dykes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baghel, K.S., Tewari, B.N., Shrivastava, R., Malik, S.A., Lone, M.U., Jain, N.K., Tripathi, C., Kanchan, R.K., Dixit, S., and Singh, K. (2016). Macrophages promote matrix protrusive and invasive function of breast cancer cells via MIP-1beta dependent upregulation of MYO3A gene in breast cancer cells. Oncoimmunology, 5.","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2016.1196299"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19990517)81:4<650::AID-IJC23>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Detection and localization of Mip-3alpha\/LARC\/Exodus, a macrophage proinflammatory chemokine, and its CCR6 receptor in human pancreatic cancer","volume":"81","author":"Kleeff","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1097\/00130404-200411000-00007","article-title":"Co-localization of macrophage inflammatory protein-3alpha (Mip-3alpha) and its receptor, CCR6, promotes pancreatic cancer cell invasion","volume":"10","author":"Kimsey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-018-0860-x","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory signaling by mammary tumor cells mediates prometastatic macrophage polarization in an innovative intraductal mouse model for triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"37","author":"Steenbrugge","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2008.328","article-title":"Non-Smad pathways in TGF-beta signaling","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb434","article-title":"Differentiation plasticity regulated by TGF-beta family proteins in development and disease","volume":"9","author":"Derynck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2008.01.006","article-title":"A very private TGF-beta receptor embrace","volume":"29","author":"Massague","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99801","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21068","article-title":"Tumor-associated macrophages promote tumor metastasis via the TGF-beta\/SOX9 axis in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8051","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0485-09.2009","article-title":"Visualization of chemokine receptor activation in transgenic mice reveals peripheral activation of CCR2 receptors in states of neuropathic pain","volume":"29","author":"Jung","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.6.899","article-title":"CC chemokine receptor 2 is critical for induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"192","author":"Fife","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.64.3.773","article-title":"Signaling pathways for monocyte chemoattractant protein 1-mediated extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation","volume":"64","author":"Fast","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201202367","article-title":"Targeting the androgen receptor with siRNA promotes prostate cancer metastasis through enhanced macrophage recruitment via CCL2\/CCR2-induced STAT3 activation","volume":"5","author":"Izumi","year":"2013","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9739","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.14185","article-title":"Tumor-associated macrophages promote prostate cancer migration through activation of the CCL22-CCR4 axis","volume":"8","author":"Maolake","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.193.6.727","article-title":"Colony-stimulating factor 1 promotes progression of mammary tumors to malignancy","volume":"193","author":"Lin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2004.09.016","article-title":"CSF-1 regulation of the wandering macrophage: Complexity in action","volume":"14","author":"Pixley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.21.122303.120306","article-title":"The great escape: When cancer cells hijack the genes for chemotaxis and motility","volume":"21","author":"Condeelis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2005.10.004","article-title":"Invadopodia and podosomes in tumor invasion","volume":"85","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/94.15.1134","article-title":"Contributions of stromal metalloproteinase-9 to angiogenesis and growth of human ovarian carcinoma in mice","volume":"94","author":"Huang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2008.01.034","article-title":"HIF1alpha induces the recruitment of bone marrow-derived vascular modulatory cells to regulate tumor angiogenesis and invasion","volume":"13","author":"Du","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11238","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-1278","article-title":"Macrophages regulate the angiogenic switch in a mouse model of breast cancer","volume":"66","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1593\/neo.81338","article-title":"Extratumoral macrophages promote tumor and vascular growth in an orthotopic rat prostate tumor model","volume":"11","author":"Halin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI16645","article-title":"Role of host angiotensin II type 1 receptor in tumor angiogenesis and growth","volume":"112","author":"Egami","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-008-0259-6","article-title":"Tumor-associated macrophage correlated with angiogenesis and progression of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of salivary glands","volume":"16","author":"Shieh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.06.021","article-title":"CSF1 expression in nongynecological leiomyosarcoma is associated with increased tumor angiogenesis","volume":"179","author":"Espinosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.23110","article-title":"Tumor-associated macrophages promote angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis of gastric cancer","volume":"106","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s004280100458","article-title":"Correlation between vascular endothelial growth factor, angiogenesis, and tumor-associated macrophages in invasive ductal breast carcinoma","volume":"440","author":"Valkovic","year":"2002","journal-title":"Virchows. Arch."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3479","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-14-3587","article-title":"Perivascular M2 Macrophages Stimulate Tumor Relapse after Chemotherapy","volume":"75","author":"Hughes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/now005","article-title":"Decrease of VEGF-A in myeloid cells attenuates glioma progression and prolongs survival in an experimental glioma model","volume":"18","author":"Osterberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuro. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2962","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-2421","article-title":"Myeloid WNT7b mediates the angiogenic switch and metastasis in breast cancer","volume":"74","author":"Yeo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2011.09.002","article-title":"Merkel cell carcinoma induces lymphatic microvessel formation","volume":"67","author":"Werchau","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.03.014","article-title":"Macrophage diversity enhances tumor progression and metastasis","volume":"141","author":"Qian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2011.02.005","article-title":"Targeting the ANG2\/TIE2 axis inhibits tumor growth and metastasis by impairing angiogenesis and disabling rebounds of proangiogenic myeloid cells","volume":"19","author":"Mazzieri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20160392","article-title":"S1PR1 on tumor-associated macrophages promotes lymphangiogenesis and metastasis via NLRP3\/IL-1beta","volume":"214","author":"Weichand","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2018.03.011","article-title":"Distant Relations: Macrophage Functions in the Metastatic Niche","volume":"4","author":"Doak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02629","article-title":"Targeting Macrophage-Recruiting Chemokines as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy to Prevent the Progression of Solid Tumors","volume":"9","author":"Argyle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.02004","article-title":"Monocytes Differentiate to Immune Suppressive Precursors of Metastasis-Associated Macrophages in Mouse Models of Metastatic Breast Cancer","volume":"8","author":"Kitamura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qian, B., Deng, Y., Im, J.H., Muschel, R.J., Zou, Y., Li, J., Lang, R.A., and Pollard, J.W. (2009). A distinct macrophage population mediates metastatic breast cancer cell extravasation, establishment and growth. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006562"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Entenberg, D., Rodriguez-Tirado, C., Kato, Y., Kitamura, T., Pollard, J.W., and Condeelis, J. (2015). In vivo subcellular resolution optical imaging in the lung reveals early metastatic proliferation and motility. Intravital, 4.","DOI":"10.1080\/21659087.2015.1086613"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2011.08.025","article-title":"Macrophage binding to receptor VCAM-1 transmits survival signals in breast cancer cells that invade the lungs","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-11-2905","article-title":"Myeloid progenitor cells in the premetastatic lung promote metastases by inducing mesenchymal to epithelial transition","volume":"72","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41473","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.9445","article-title":"Metastatic site-specific polarization of macrophages in intracranial breast cancer metastases","volume":"7","author":"Rippaus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13862","article-title":"Cessation of CCL2 inhibition accelerates breast cancer metastasis by promoting angiogenesis","volume":"515","author":"Bonapace","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5674","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-2123","article-title":"VEGFR1(+) Metastasis-Associated Macrophages Contribute to Metastatic Angiogenesis and Influence Colorectal Cancer Patient Outcome","volume":"25","author":"Knipper","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.11.034","article-title":"Loss of Caveolin-1 in Metastasis-Associated Macrophages Drives Lung Metastatic Growth through Increased Angiogenesis","volume":"21","author":"Celus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25688","article-title":"Zinc deficiency activates S100A8 inflammation in the absence of COX-2 and promotes murine oral-esophageal tumor progression","volume":"129","author":"Wan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.01.057","article-title":"Intestinal inflammation and cancer","volume":"140","author":"Ullman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1586\/14737140.8.4.605","article-title":"Inflammation in the development of lung cancer: Epidemiological evidence","volume":"8","author":"Engels","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Anticancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2009.01.009","article-title":"Inflammation and cancer: IL-6 and STAT3 complete the link","volume":"15","author":"Bromberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2007.12.020","article-title":"Autocrine IL-6 signaling: A key event in tumorigenesis?","volume":"13","author":"Grivennikov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-12-26","article-title":"IL-6 expression predicts treatment response and outcome in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2012.04.007","article-title":"Interleukin-6 signaling pathway in targeted therapy for cancer","volume":"38","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2016.4544","article-title":"IL-6 mediates the signal pathway of JAK-STAT3-VEGF-C promoting growth, invasion and lymphangiogenesis in gastric cancer","volume":"35","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2017.06.018","article-title":"Macrophages induce EMT to promote invasion of lung cancer cells through the IL-6-mediated COX-2\/PGE2\/beta-catenin signalling pathway","volume":"90","author":"Che","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.08.039","article-title":"Tumor-associated macrophages produce interleukin 6 and signal via STAT3 to promote expansion of human hepatocellular carcinoma stem cells","volume":"147","author":"Wan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11966","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160611966","article-title":"Exposure of tumor-associated macrophages to apoptotic MCF-7 cells promotes breast cancer growth and metastasis","volume":"16","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlw016","article-title":"Glioma Stem Cells but Not Bulk Glioma Cells Upregulate IL-6 Secretion in Microglia\/Brain Macrophages via Toll-like Receptor 4 Signaling","volume":"75","author":"Dzaye","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2013.69","article-title":"M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pancreatic cancer cells, partially through TLR4\/IL-10 signaling pathway","volume":"93","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2014.05.008","article-title":"Tumor-associated macrophages promote cancer stem cell-like properties via transforming growth factor-beta1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"352","author":"Fan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-4005","article-title":"Distinct role of macrophages in different tumor microenvironments","volume":"66","author":"Lewis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14011","article-title":"Predictive correlates of response to the anti-PD-L1 antibody MPDL3280A in cancer patients","volume":"515","author":"Herbst","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2014.12.006","article-title":"PD-L1 expression in small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas","volume":"51","author":"Schultheis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22396","article-title":"PD-1 expression by tumour-associated macrophages inhibits phagocytosis and tumour immunity","volume":"545","author":"Gordon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-17-0537","article-title":"Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) Signaling Regulates Macrophage Proliferation and Activation","volume":"6","author":"Hartley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4326","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1819473116","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species modulate macrophage immunosuppressive phenotype through the up-regulation of PD-L1","volume":"116","author":"Roux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3347","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI127726","article-title":"The local immune landscape determines tumor PD-L1 heterogeneity and sensitivity to therapy","volume":"129","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.2.762","article-title":"Autocrine production of IL-10 mediates defective IL-12 production and NF-kappa B activation in tumor-associated macrophages","volume":"164","author":"Sica","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.180.6.2371","article-title":"Interleukin 10 pretreatment protects target cells from tumor- and allo-specific cytotoxic T cells and downregulates HLA class I expression","volume":"180","author":"Matsuda","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-9966-30-62","article-title":"Increased IL-10 mRNA expression in tumor-associated macrophage correlated with late stage of lung cancer","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2014.09.006","article-title":"Macrophage IL-10 blocks CD8+ T cell-dependent responses to chemotherapy by suppressing IL-12 expression in intratumoral dendritic cells","volume":"26","author":"Ruffell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2010.01.009","article-title":"Macrophages, innate immunity and cancer: Balance, tolerance, and diversity","volume":"22","author":"Mantovani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2010.619","article-title":"TGF-beta-induced IRAK-M expression in tumor-associated macrophages regulates lung tumor growth","volume":"30","author":"Standiford","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52294","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.10561","article-title":"TGF-beta induces M2-like macrophage polarization via SNAIL-mediated suppression of a pro-inflammatory phenotype","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20150295","article-title":"The interaction of anticancer therapies with tumor-associated macrophages","volume":"212","author":"Mantovani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5842","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.26888","article-title":"Arg1 expression defines immunosuppressive subsets of tumor-associated macrophages","volume":"8","author":"Arlauckas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1612920114","article-title":"COX2\/mPGES1\/PGE2 pathway regulates PD-L1 expression in tumor-associated macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells","volume":"114","author":"Prima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.07.017","article-title":"The immunobiology of cancer immunosurveillance and immunoediting","volume":"21","author":"Dunn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3365","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI80006","article-title":"Tumor-induced myeloid deviation: When myeloid-derived suppressor cells meet tumor-associated macrophages","volume":"125","author":"Ugel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1937","article-title":"Macrophage plasticity and interaction with lymphocyte subsets: Cancer as a paradigm","volume":"11","author":"Biswas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4041","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1720948115","article-title":"Macrophages impede CD8 T cells from reaching tumor cells and limit the efficacy of anti-PD-1 treatment","volume":"115","author":"Peranzoni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80856-9","article-title":"Regulatory T cells: Key controllers of immunologic self-tolerance","volume":"101","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.06.017","article-title":"Treg Cells Promote the SREBP1-Dependent Metabolic Fitness of Tumor-Promoting Macrophages via Repression of CD8(+) T Cell-Derived Interferon-gamma","volume":"51","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0370-y","article-title":"Control of tumor-associated macrophages and T cells in glioblastoma via AHR and CD39","volume":"22","author":"Takenaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2735","article-title":"Macrophages: Their Emerging Roles in Bone","volume":"30","author":"Sinder","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hernandez, R.K., Wade, S.W., Reich, A., Pirolli, M., Liede, A., and Lyman, G.H. (2018). Incidence of bone metastases in patients with solid tumors: Analysis of oncology electronic medical records in the United States. BMC Cancer, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-017-3922-0"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(94)90703-X","article-title":"Histomorphometric evidence for osteoclast-mediated bone resorption in metastatic breast cancer","volume":"15","author":"Taube","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_143","first-page":"7710","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of parathyroid hormone-related protein in human breast cancer","volume":"50","author":"Southby","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02967374","article-title":"Parathyroid Hormone-related Protein in Breast Cancer Tissues: Relationship between Primary and Metastatic Sites","volume":"1","author":"Kohno","year":"1994","journal-title":"Breast Cancer"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.13.18.2412","article-title":"RANK is essential for osteoclast and lymph node development","volume":"13","author":"Dougall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015599831232","article-title":"Prostate carcinoma skeletal metastases: Cross-talk between tumor and bone","volume":"20","author":"Keller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2013.01.025","article-title":"Fas\/CD95-induced chemokines can serve as \"find-me\" signals for apoptotic cells","volume":"49","author":"Cullen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.148.7.2207","article-title":"Exposure of phosphatidylserine on the surface of apoptotic lymphocytes triggers specific recognition and removal by macrophages","volume":"148","author":"Fadok","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9861(03)00083-3","article-title":"Macrophage recognition of externalized phosphatidylserine and phagocytosis of apoptotic Jurkat cells\u2014existence of a threshold","volume":"413","author":"Borisenko","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3607","article-title":"Apoptotic cell clearance: Basic biology and therapeutic potential","volume":"14","author":"Poon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20040327","article-title":"Inhibition of phosphatidylserine recognition heightens the immunogenicity of irradiated lymphoma cells in vivo","volume":"200","author":"Bondanza","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-012-1371-9","article-title":"Combined blockade of TIM-3 and TIM-4 augments cancer vaccine efficacy against established melanomas","volume":"62","author":"Baghdadi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2015.1056953","article-title":"Tim-3 and Tim-4 as the potential targets for antitumor therapy","volume":"11","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20170681","article-title":"Resolvins suppress tumor growth and enhance cancer therapy","volume":"215","author":"Sulciner","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-017-0257-y","article-title":"Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitors in cancer therapy","volume":"5","author":"Cannarile","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411366","article-title":"Structure-Guided Blockade of CSF1R Kinase in Tenosynovial Giant-Cell Tumor","volume":"373","author":"Tap","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nov245","article-title":"Orally administered colony stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor PLX3397 in recurrent glioblastoma: An Ivy Foundation Early Phase Clinical Trials Consortium phase II study","volume":"18","author":"Butowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuro. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-1845","article-title":"An Open-Label, Multicenter, Phase I\/II Study of JNJ-40346527, a CSF-1R Inhibitor, in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma","volume":"21","author":"Morschhauser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-03-838946","article-title":"CSF1R inhibitors exhibit antitumor activity in acute myeloid leukemia by blocking paracrine signals from support cells","volume":"133","author":"Edwards","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2014.05.016","article-title":"Targeting tumor-associated macrophages with anti-CSF-1R antibody reveals a strategy for cancer therapy","volume":"25","author":"Ries","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)00132-1","article-title":"CSF1R inhibition with emactuzumab in locally advanced diffuse-type tenosynovial giant cell tumours of the soft tissue: A dose-escalation and dose-expansion phase 1 study","volume":"16","author":"Cassier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2008.00880.x","article-title":"Inhibition of bone and muscle metastases of lung cancer cells by a decrease in the number of monocytes\/macrophages","volume":"99","author":"Hiraoka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Knight, D.A., Snyder, L.A., Smyth, M.J., and Stewart, T.J. (2013). A role for CCL2 in both tumor progression and immunosurveillance. Oncoimmunology, 2.","DOI":"10.4161\/onci.25474"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9417","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-1286","article-title":"Targeting CCL2 with systemic delivery of neutralizing antibodies induces prostate cancer tumor regression in vivo","volume":"67","author":"Loberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1593\/neo.07307","article-title":"CCL2 as an important mediator of prostate cancer growth in vivo through the regulation of macrophage infiltration","volume":"9","author":"Loberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-012-9869-8","article-title":"Phase 2 study of carlumab (CNTO 888), a human monoclonal antibody against CC-chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","volume":"31","author":"Pienta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Investig. New Drugs"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(16)00078-4","article-title":"Targeting tumour-associated macrophages with CCR2 inhibition in combination with FOLFIRINOX in patients with borderline resectable and locally advanced pancreatic cancer: A single-centre, open-label, dose-finding, non-randomised, phase 1b trial","volume":"17","author":"Nywening","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1210904","article-title":"TLR signaling by tumor and immune cells: A double-edged sword","volume":"27","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2008-0097","article-title":"The use of TLR7 and TLR8 ligands for the enhancement of cancer immunotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Smits","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-12-0408","article-title":"Molecular pathways: Toll-like receptors in the tumor microenvironment\u2014poor prognosis or new therapeutic opportunity","volume":"19","author":"Ridnour","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1113099109","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 3 signaling converts tumor-supporting myeloid cells to tumoricidal effectors","volume":"109","author":"Shime","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.8b00239","article-title":"ROS-Inducing Micelles Sensitize Tumor-Associated Macrophages to TLR3 Stimulation for Potent Immunotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2016.168","article-title":"Iron oxide nanoparticles inhibit tumour growth by inducing pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization in tumour tissues","volume":"11","author":"Zanganeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6307","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.29746","article-title":"Anti-tumor macrophages activated by ferumoxytol combined or surface-functionalized with the TLR3 agonist poly (I : C) promote melanoma regression","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2019.04.007","article-title":"Development of resiquimod-loaded modified PLA-based nanoparticles for cancer immunotherapy: A kinetic study","volume":"139","author":"Thauvin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2018.4","article-title":"TLR-mediated metabolic reprogramming in the tumor microenvironment: Potential novel strategies for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-014-1547-6","article-title":"Antitumor activity and safety of combination therapy with the Toll-like receptor 9 agonist IMO-2055, erlotinib, and bevacizumab in advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer patients who have progressed following chemotherapy","volume":"63","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3974","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11911-5","article-title":"Genetic programming of macrophages to perform anti-tumor functions using targeted mRNA nanocarriers","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1093\/jmcb\/mjs044","article-title":"Re-polarization of tumor-associated macrophages to pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages by microRNA-155","volume":"4","author":"Cai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39021","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.16547","article-title":"CD47 promotes ovarian cancer progression by inhibiting macrophage phagocytosis","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2610","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI81603","article-title":"CD47-blocking immunotherapies stimulate macrophage-mediated destruction of small-cell lung cancer","volume":"126","author":"Weiskopf","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.18.02018","article-title":"First-in-Human, First-in-Class Phase I Trial of the Anti-CD47 Antibody Hu5F9-G4 in Patients with Advanced Cancers","volume":"37","author":"Sikic","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-1700","article-title":"TTI-621 (SIRPalphaFc): A CD47-Blocking Innate Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor with Broad Antitumor Activity and Minimal Erythrocyte Binding","volume":"23","author":"Petrova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.08.3311","article-title":"Clinical activity and immune modulation in cancer patients treated with CP-870,893, a novel CD40 agonist monoclonal antibody","volume":"25","author":"Vonderheide","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vonderheide, R.H., Burg, J.M., Mick, R., Trosko, J.A., Li, D., Shaik, M.N., Tolcher, A.W., and Hamid, O. (2013). Phase I study of the CD40 agonist antibody CP-870,893 combined with carboplatin and paclitaxel in patients with advanced solid tumors. Oncoimmunology, 2.","DOI":"10.4161\/onci.23033"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6286","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-13-1320","article-title":"A phase I study of an agonist CD40 monoclonal antibody (CP-870,893) in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","volume":"19","author":"Beatty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000146672.10582.17","article-title":"Chemokines in the pathogenesis of vascular disease","volume":"95","author":"Charo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1159\/000077718","article-title":"Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 serum levels in patients with breast cancer","volume":"25","author":"Lebrecht","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tumour. Biol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s10585-008-9226-7","article-title":"Activation of MCP-1\/CCR2 axis promotes prostate cancer growth in bone","volume":"26","author":"Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Metastasis"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2012.166","article-title":"Macrophage cathepsin K promotes prostate tumor progression in bone","volume":"32","author":"Herroon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fend, L., Accart, N., Kintz, J., Cochin, S., Reymann, C., Le Pogam, F., Marchand, J.B., Menguy, T., Slos, P., and Rooke, R. (2013). Therapeutic effects of anti-CD115 monoclonal antibody in mouse cancer models through dual inhibition of tumor-associated macrophages and osteoclasts. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073310"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-11-1678","article-title":"Hyaluronan synthase HAS2 promotes tumor progression in bone by stimulating the interaction of breast cancer stem-like cells with macrophages and stromal cells","volume":"72","author":"Okuda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.18632\/oncoscience.440","article-title":"Efferocytosis and prostate cancer skeletal metastasis: Implications for intervention","volume":"5","author":"Roca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncoscience"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00206","article-title":"Structural and biophysical insights into the role of CD4 and CD8 in T cell activation","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925135","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/925135","article-title":"CD4(+)T cells: Differentiation and functions","volume":"2012","author":"Luckheeram","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.07.010","article-title":"CD8(+) T cells: Foot soldiers of the immune system","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-014-0293-y","article-title":"Heterogeneity in the differentiation and function of CD8(+) T cells","volume":"62","author":"Mittrucker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01305","article-title":"Gamma Delta T Cell Therapy for Cancer: It Is Good to be Local","volume":"9","author":"Pauza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01395","article-title":"gammadelta T Cells and Tumor Microenvironment: From Immunosurveillance to Tumor Evasion","volume":"9","author":"Pizzolato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-19-0567","article-title":"Impact of TCR Diversity on the Development of Transplanted or Chemically Induced Tumors","volume":"8","author":"Schreiber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1700241114","article-title":"Insights into immune system development and function from mouse T-cell repertoires","volume":"114","author":"Sethna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xing, Y., and Hogquist, K.A. (2012). T-cell tolerance: Central and peripheral. Cold. Spring. Harb. Perspect. Biol., 4.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a006957"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12634","article-title":"Mutational landscape and significance across 12 major cancer types","volume":"502","author":"Kandoth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1235122","article-title":"Cancer genome landscapes","volume":"339","author":"Vogelstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01679","article-title":"Neoantigens Generated by Individual Mutations and Their Role in Cancer Immunity and Immunotherapy","volume":"8","author":"Efremova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zapatka, M., Borozan, I., Brewer, D.S., Iskar, M., Grundhoff, A., Alawi, M., Desai, N., S\u00fcltmann, H., Moch, H., and Alawi, M. (2020). The landscape of viral associations in human cancers. Nat. Genet.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0558-9"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3318","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0813320106","article-title":"Decreased EBNA-1-specific CD8+ T cells in patients with Epstein-Barr virus-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"106","author":"Fogg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.58.9093","article-title":"Complete regression of metastatic cervical cancer after treatment with human papillomavirus-targeted tumor-infiltrating T cells","volume":"33","author":"Stevanovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00185107","article-title":"Transfection and expression of a gene coding for a human melanoma antigen recognized by autologous cytolytic T lymphocytes","volume":"35","author":"Traversari","year":"1992","journal-title":"ImmunoGenetics"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.07.012","article-title":"Oncology meets immunology: The cancer-immunity cycle","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e295","DOI":"10.5301\/JBM.2012.10439","article-title":"Changes of tumor infiltrating lymphocyte subtypes before and after neoadjuvant endocrine therapy in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer patients\u2014An immunohistochemical study of Cd8+ and Foxp3+ using double immunostaining with correlation to the pathobiological response of the patients","volume":"27","author":"Chan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Markers"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2016.109","article-title":"Standardized evaluation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer: Results of the ring studies of the international immuno-oncology biomarker working group","volume":"29","author":"Denkert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1984.60","article-title":"Lymphoid infiltration and prognosis in colorectal carcinoma","volume":"49","author":"Svennevig","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa020177","article-title":"Intratumoral T cells, recurrence, and survival in epithelial ovarian cancer","volume":"348","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An, X., Romain, G., Martinez-Paniagua, M., Bandey, I.N., Adolacion, J.R.T., Fathi, M., Liadi, I., Sadeghi, F., Mahendra, A., and Amritkar, A. (2019). CAR+ T cell anti-tumor efficacy revealed by multi-dimensional single-cell profiling. J. Immunol., 202.","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.202.Supp.134.2"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3189","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv355","article-title":"Automated profiling of individual cell-cell interactions from high-throughput time-lapse imaging microscopy in nanowell grids (TIMING)","volume":"31","author":"Merouane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.10.009","article-title":"CD4(+) T Cell Help Confers a Cytotoxic T Cell Effector Program Including Coinhibitory Receptor Downregulation and Increased Tissue Invasiveness","volume":"47","author":"Ahrends","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-018-0044-0","article-title":"CD4(+) T cell help in cancer immunology and immunotherapy","volume":"18","author":"Borst","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-17-0222","article-title":"Immune Escape in Breast Cancer During In Situ to Invasive Carcinoma Transition","volume":"7","author":"Huh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06309","article-title":"Adaptive immunity maintains occult cancer in an equilibrium state","volume":"450","author":"Koebel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2014.01.004","article-title":"New insights into cancer immunoediting and its three component phases\u2014Elimination, equilibrium and escape","volume":"27","author":"Mittal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2855","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39557-9","article-title":"Regulation of the translation activity of antigen-specific mRNA is responsible for antigen loss and tumor immune escape in a HER2-expressing tumor model","volume":"9","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19960516)66:4<470::AID-IJC10>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Inverse relationship of melanocyte differentiation antigen expression in melanoma tissues and CD8+ cytotoxic-T-cell responses: Evidence for immunoselection of antigen-loss variants in vivo","volume":"66","author":"Jager","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1126\/science.355.6330.1220","article-title":"Cancer immunotherapy comes of age","volume":"355","author":"Dance","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.013","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation","volume":"144","author":"Hanahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9229","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1318731111","article-title":"Human memory T cells from the bone marrow are resting and maintain long-lasting systemic memory","volume":"111","author":"Okhrimenko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.03.015","article-title":"Professional memory CD4+ T lymphocytes preferentially reside and rest in the bone marrow","volume":"30","author":"Tokoyoda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.3.1269","article-title":"Bone marrow is a preferred site for homeostatic proliferation of memory CD8 T cells","volume":"174","author":"Becker","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0215(200102)9999:9999<::AID-IJC1152>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Enrichment of memory T cells and other profound immunological changes in the bone marrow from untreated breast cancer patients","volume":"92","author":"Feuerer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/86523","article-title":"Therapy of human tumors in NOD\/SCID mice with patient-derived reactivated memory T cells from bone marrow","volume":"7","author":"Feuerer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-008-0605-3","article-title":"Treatment of advanced metastasized breast cancer with bone marrow-derived tumour-reactive memory T cells: A pilot clinical study","volume":"58","author":"Schuetz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.03.007","article-title":"IFN-gamma-mediated upmodulation of MHC class I expression activates tumor-specific immune response in a mouse model of prostate cancer","volume":"28","author":"Martini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0019-2805.2001.01342.x","article-title":"Inhibition of B16 melanoma experimental metastasis by interferon-gamma through direct inhibition of cell proliferation and activation of antitumour host mechanisms","volume":"105","author":"Kakuta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4658","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M804812200","article-title":"Interferon-gamma targets cancer cells and osteoclasts to prevent tumor-associated bone loss and bone metastases","volume":"284","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061775","article-title":"Th17 functions as an osteoclastogenic helper T cell subset that links T cell activation and bone destruction","volume":"203","author":"Sato","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8456","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-2213","article-title":"Roles of idiotype-specific t cells in myeloma cell growth and survival: Th1 and CTL cells are tumoricidal while Th2 cells promote tumor growth","volume":"68","author":"Hong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6864","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-16-1219","article-title":"Adoptive Transfer of Tumor-Specific Th2 Cells Eradicates Tumors by Triggering an In Situ Inflammatory Immune Response","volume":"76","author":"Lorvik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell, J.P., Merkel, A.R., Masood-Campbell, S.K., Elefteriou, F., and Sterling, J.A. (2012). Models of bone metastasis. J. Vis. Exp.","DOI":"10.3791\/4260"},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1038\/bonekey.2016.31","article-title":"Murine models of breast cancer bone metastasis","volume":"5","author":"Wright","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bonekey Rep."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Overwijk, W.W., and Restifo, N.P. (2001). B16 as a mouse model for human melanoma. Curr. Protoc. Immunol.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142735.im2001s39"},{"key":"ref_241","first-page":"6876","article-title":"A murine model of experimental metastasis to bone and bone marrow","volume":"48","author":"Arguello","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4799","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-3922","article-title":"CD8+ T cells regulate bone tumor burden independent of osteoclast resorption","volume":"71","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pulaski, B.A., and Ostrand-Rosenberg, S. (2001). Mouse 4T1 breast tumor model. Curr. Protoc. Immunol.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142735.im2002s39"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monteiro, A.C., Leal, A.C., Goncalves-Silva, T., Mercadante, A.C., Kestelman, F., Chaves, S.B., Azevedo, R.B., Monteiro, J.P., and Bonomo, A. (2013). T cells induce pre-metastatic osteolytic disease and help bone metastases establishment in a mouse model of metastatic breast cancer. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068171"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI5703","article-title":"IL-17 in synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis is a potent stimulator of osteoclastogenesis","volume":"103","author":"Kotake","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2015.07.017","article-title":"Th17 Cytokines Regulate Osteoclastogenesis in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"185","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(00)00457-9","article-title":"Effect of interleukin-17 on nitric oxide production and osteoclastic bone resorption: Is there dependency on nuclear factor-kappaB and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB (RANK)\/RANK ligand signaling?","volume":"28","author":"Papapoulos","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3722","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-02-0474","article-title":"T cells support osteoclastogenesis in an in vitro model derived from human multiple myeloma bone disease: The role of the OPG\/TRAIL interaction","volume":"104","author":"Colucci","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-1823fje","article-title":"Mechanisms of spontaneous osteoclastogenesis in cancer with bone involvement","volume":"19","author":"Roato","year":"2005","journal-title":"Faseb J."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-018-0007-y","article-title":"Approaches to treat immune hot, altered and cold tumours with combination immunotherapies","volume":"18","author":"Galon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-10-205","article-title":"Cancer classification using the Immunoscore: A worldwide task force","volume":"10","author":"Galon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020067","article-title":"Overexpression of interleukin (IL)-7 leads to IL-15-independent generation of memory phenotype CD8+ T cells","volume":"195","author":"Kieper","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20030725","article-title":"IL-7 promotes the transition of CD4 effectors to persistent memory cells","volume":"198","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2003.10.016","article-title":"Aberrant expression of interleukin-7 (IL-7) and its signalling complex in human breast cancer","volume":"40","author":"Rmali","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4615","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-04-1121","article-title":"Human myeloma cells stimulate the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) in T lymphocytes: A potential role in multiple myeloma bone disease","volume":"100","author":"Giuliani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roato, I., Brunetti, G., Gorassini, E., Grano, M., Colucci, S., Bonello, L., Buffoni, L., Manfredi, R., Ruffini, E., and Ottaviani, D. (2006). IL-7 up-regulates TNF-alpha-dependent osteoclastogenesis in patients affected by solid tumor. PLoS ONE, 1.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000124"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3838","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V99.10.3838","article-title":"Human bone marrow stromal cells suppress T-lymphocyte proliferation induced by cellular or nonspecific mitogenic stimuli","volume":"99","author":"Magni","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2821","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-09-3696","article-title":"Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells induce division arrest anergy of activated T cells","volume":"105","author":"Glennie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2403871","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells induce apoptosis of activated T cells","volume":"19","author":"Plumas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.03.024","article-title":"Transforming Growth Factor-beta Signaling in Immunity and Cancer","volume":"50","author":"Batlle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2006.07.012","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms of fatal early-onset autoimmunity in mice with the T cell-specific targeting of transforming growth factor-beta receptor","volume":"25","author":"Marie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1093","article-title":"Specific recruitment of regulatory T cells in ovarian carcinoma fosters immune privilege and predicts reduced survival","volume":"10","author":"Curiel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8451","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-1987","article-title":"Bone marrow is a reservoir for CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells that traffic through CXCL12\/CXCR4 signals","volume":"64","author":"Zou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.4161\/onci.1.2.18480","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in the bone marrow microenvironment in patients with prostate cancer","volume":"1","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27535","article-title":"Increased bone density and resistance to ovariectomy-induced bone loss in FoxP3-transgenic mice based on impaired osteoclast differentiation","volume":"62","author":"Zaiss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis. Rheum."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dji002","article-title":"Bone turnover markers as predictors of skeletal complications in prostate cancer, lung cancer, and other solid tumors","volume":"97","author":"Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1038\/bonekey.2015.35","article-title":"Bone remodeling markers and bone metastases: From cancer research to clinical implications","volume":"4","author":"Ferreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bonekey Rep."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2010.08.007","article-title":"Biochemical markers of bone turnover and clinical outcomes in men with prostate cancer","volume":"30","author":"Saad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1943","article-title":"Imaging transforming growth factor-\u03b2 signaling dynamics and therapeutic response in breast cancer bone metastasis","volume":"15","author":"Korpal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.139","article-title":"Inhibition of TGF-\u03b2 signaling by 1D11 antibody treatment increases bone mass and quality in vivo","volume":"25","author":"Edwards","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3961","article-title":"Excess TGF-beta mediates muscle weakness associated with bone metastases in mice","volume":"21","author":"Waning","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2012.040","article-title":"Systemic delivery of oncolytic adenoviruses targeting transforming growth factor-beta inhibits established bone metastasis in a prostate cancer mouse model","volume":"23","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Gene. Ther."},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-2651","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2-RI Kinase Inhibitor SD-208 Reduces the Development and Progression of Melanoma Bone Metastases","volume":"71","author":"Mohammad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2019.059","article-title":"An Oncolytic Adenovirus Targeting Transforming Growth Factor beta Inhibits Protumorigenic Signals and Produces Immune Activation: A Novel Approach to Enhance Anti-PD-1 and Anti-CTLA-4 Therapy","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Gene. Ther."},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Yang, Y., Zhou, Q., Weiss, J.M., Howard, O.Z., McPherson, J.M., Wakefield, L.M., and Oppenheim, J.J. (2014). Effective chemoimmunotherapy with anti-TGFbeta antibody and cyclophosphamide in a mouse model of breast cancer. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085398"},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biswas, S., Nyman, J., Alvarez, J., Chakrabarti, A., Ayres, A., Sterling, J., Edwards, J., Rana, T., Johnson, R., and Perrien, D. (2011). Anti-transforming growth factor-b antibody treatment rescues bone loss and prevents breast cancer metastasis to bone. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027090"},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-017-0022-x","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells coming of age","volume":"19","author":"Veglia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-008-0523-4","article-title":"Increased circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells correlate with clinical cancer stage, metastatic tumor burden, and doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide chemotherapy","volume":"58","author":"Salem","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2017.6305","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells are increased and correlated with type 2 immune responses, malnutrition, inflammation, and poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer","volume":"14","author":"Gonda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_280","first-page":"3181","article-title":"Increased circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells correlate with cancer stages, interleukin-8 and -6 in prostate cancer","volume":"7","author":"Chi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-014-1591-2","article-title":"Correlation between frequencies of blood monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory T cells and negative prognostic markers in patients with castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer","volume":"63","author":"Idorn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3356","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI80005","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the tumor microenvironment: Expect the unexpected","volume":"125","author":"Marvel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5839","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-0465","article-title":"Arginase I production in the tumor microenvironment by mature myeloid cells inhibits T-cell receptor expression and antigen-specific T-cell responses","volume":"64","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-2587","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells inhibit T-cell activation by depleting cystine and cysteine","volume":"70","author":"Srivastava","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-12-2202","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells function as novel osteoclast progenitors enhancing bone loss in breast cancer","volume":"73","author":"Sawant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.4161\/onci.21990","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells expand during breast cancer progression and promote tumor-induced bone destruction","volume":"1","author":"Danilin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhuang, J., Zhang, J., Lwin, S.T., Edwards, J.R., Edwards, C.M., Mundy, G.R., and Yang, X. (2012). Osteoclasts in multiple myeloma are derived from Gr-1+CD11b+myeloid-derived suppressor cells. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048871"},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061104","article-title":"Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition augments endogenous antitumor immunity by reducing myeloid-derived suppressor cell function","volume":"203","author":"Serafini","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-1716","article-title":"Tadalafil augments tumor specific immunity in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"21","author":"Califano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.12.026","article-title":"LXR\/ApoE Activation Restricts Innate Immune Suppression in Cancer","volume":"172","author":"Tavazoie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.105818","article-title":"SDF-1\/CXCR4 axis facilitates myeloid-derived suppressor cells accumulation in osteosarcoma microenvironment and blunts the response to anti-PD-1 therapy","volume":"75","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4985","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S200643","article-title":"CXCR4 antagonism in combination with IDO1 inhibition weakens immune suppression and inhibits tumor growth in mouse breast cancer bone metastases","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Onco. Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11438","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-1882","article-title":"Amino-biphosphonate-mediated MMP-9 inhibition breaks the tumor-bone marrow axis responsible for myeloid-derived suppressor cell expansion and macrophage infiltration in tumor stroma","volume":"67","author":"Melani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20100587","article-title":"HIF-1alpha regulates function and differentiation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"207","author":"Corzo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunn, L., Mohammad, K., Fournier, P., McKenna, C., Davis, H., Niewolna, M., Peng, X., Chirgwin, J., and Guise, T. (2009). Hypoxia and TGF-b drive breast cancer bone metastases through parallel signaling pathways in tumor cells and the bone microenvironment. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006896"},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-007-0765-9","article-title":"Oxygen tension is an important mediator of the transformation of osteoblasts to osteocytes","volume":"25","author":"Hirao","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12380","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factors in regulation of immune responses in tumour microenvironment","volume":"143","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-34461-0_18","article-title":"Hypoxia Compromises Anti-Cancer Immune Responses","volume":"1232","author":"Multhoff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.08.016","article-title":"Metabolic Competition in the Tumor Microenvironment Is a Driver of Cancer Progression","volume":"162","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200838289","article-title":"Glucose deprivation inhibits multiple key gene expression events and effector functions in CD8+ T cells","volume":"38","author":"Cham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2016.225","article-title":"Hypoxic stress: Obstacles and opportunities for innovative immunotherapy of cancer","volume":"36","author":"Chouaib","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.08.011","article-title":"LDHA-Associated Lactic Acid Production Blunts Tumor Immunosurveillance by T and NK Cells","volume":"24","author":"Brand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3812","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-07-035972","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of tumor cell-derived lactic acid on human T cells","volume":"109","author":"Fischer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.26410","article-title":"Tumor lactic acidosis suppresses CTL function by inhibition of p38 and JNK\/c-Jun activation","volume":"131","author":"Mendler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4746","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-0054","article-title":"Hypoxia increases tumor cell shedding of MHC class I chain-related molecule: Role of nitric oxide","volume":"68","author":"Siemens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01112","article-title":"Tumour-derived soluble MIC ligands impair expression of NKG2D and T-cell activation","volume":"419","author":"Groh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf2834","article-title":"Cancer Immunology: The \u201ccancer immunogram\u201d","volume":"352","author":"Blank","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02556671","article-title":"The acute-phase response after bisphosphonate administration","volume":"41","author":"Adami","year":"1987","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue. Int."},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2005.02665.x","article-title":"The bisphosphonate acute phase response: Rapid and copious production of proinflammatory cytokines by peripheral blood gd T cells in response to aminobisphosphonates is inhibited by statins","volume":"139","author":"Hewitt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021500","article-title":"Human T cell receptor gammadelta cells recognize endogenous mevalonate metabolites in tumor cells","volume":"197","author":"Gober","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5099","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002697","article-title":"Indirect stimulation of human Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells through alterations in isoprenoid metabolism","volume":"187","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6249","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-12-0918","article-title":"In vivo phosphoantigen levels in bisphosphonate-treated human breast tumors trigger Vgamma9Vdelta2 T-cell antitumor cytotoxicity through ICAM-1 engagement","volume":"18","author":"Benzaid","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2006.00479.x","article-title":"Nonpeptide antigens, presentation mechanisms, and immunological memory of human Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells: Discriminating friend from foe through the recognition of prenyl pyrophosphate antigens","volume":"215","author":"Morita","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2016.11.013","article-title":"Adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells in combination with zoledronic acid inhibits cancer growth and limits osteolysis in a murine model of osteolytic breast cancer","volume":"386","author":"Zysk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5029","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1201892","article-title":"Tumor-infiltrating gammadelta T lymphocytes predict clinical outcome in human breast cancer","volume":"189","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-011-1021-7","article-title":"Phase I\/II study of adoptive transfer of gammadelta T cells in combination with zoledronic acid and IL-2 to patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma","volume":"60","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2011.293","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of autologous gamma delta T cell-based immunotherapy for metastatic solid tumours","volume":"105","author":"Nicol","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13491","article-title":"Expansion of human gammadelta T cells for adoptive immunotherapy using a bisphosphonate prodrug","volume":"109","author":"Tanaka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01381","article-title":"Combining Vgamma9Vdelta2 T Cells with a Lipophilic Bisphosphonate Efficiently Kills Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-12-195792","article-title":"Tumor antigen-specific CD8 T cells infiltrating the tumor express high levels of PD-1 and are functionally impaired","volume":"114","author":"Ahmadzadeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4051","article-title":"Prospective identification of neoantigen-specific lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of melanoma patients","volume":"22","author":"Gros","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1910836","article-title":"Five-Year Survival with Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in Advanced Melanoma","volume":"381","author":"Larkin","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1801946","article-title":"Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab in Lung Cancer with a High Tumor Mutational Burden","volume":"378","author":"Hellmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1703481","article-title":"Immune-Related Adverse Events Associated with Immune Checkpoint Blockade","volume":"378","author":"Postow","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504030","article-title":"Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab or Monotherapy in Untreated Melanoma","volume":"373","author":"Larkin","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0312-8","article-title":"Tumor mutational load predicts survival after immunotherapy across multiple cancer types","volume":"51","author":"Samstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-1943-3","article-title":"The repertoire of mutational signatures in human cancer","volume":"578","author":"Alexandrov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6243s","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-0931","article-title":"Clinical features of metastatic bone disease and risk of skeletal morbidity","volume":"12","author":"Coleman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grover, P., Karivedu, V., Zhu, Z., Jandarov, R., and Wise-Draper, T.M. (2019). Bone metastases treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: A single center experience. J. Clin. Oncol., 37.","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2019.37.15_suppl.e14105"},{"key":"ref_330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25501","article-title":"TGFbeta attenuates tumour response to PD-L1 blockade by contributing to exclusion of T cells","volume":"554","author":"Mariathasan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25492","article-title":"TGFbeta drives immune evasion in genetically reconstituted colon cancer metastasis","volume":"554","author":"Tauriello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-018-0442-7","article-title":"A systematic review of the cost and cost-effectiveness studies of immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"6","author":"Verma","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S151282","article-title":"Bispecific antibodies: Design, therapy, perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Sedykh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug. Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"ref_334","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02696-6","article-title":"Bifunctional immune checkpoint-targeted antibody-ligand traps that simultaneously disable TGFbeta enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy","volume":"9","author":"Ravi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hummel, H.-D., Kufer, P., Gr\u00fcllich, C., Deschler-Baier, B., Chatterjee, M., Goebeler, M.-E., Miller, K., De Santis, M., Loidl, W.C., and Buck, A. (2019). Phase 1 study of pasotuxizumab (BAY 2010112), a PSMA-targeting Bispecific T cell Engager (BiTE) immunotherapy for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). J. Clin. Oncol., 37.","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2019.37.15_suppl.5034"},{"key":"ref_336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-019-0004-z","article-title":"Trispecific antibodies enhance the therapeutic efficacy of tumor-directed T cells through T cell receptor co-stimulation","volume":"1","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Cancer"},{"key":"ref_337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ai.2015.12.006","article-title":"Adoptive T-Cell Therapy for Cancer","volume":"130","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_338","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4550","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-11-0116","article-title":"Durable complete responses in heavily pretreated patients with metastatic melanoma using T-cell transfer immunotherapy","volume":"17","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0040-8","article-title":"Immune recognition of somatic mutations leading to complete durable regression in metastatic breast cancer","volume":"24","author":"Zacharakis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garfall, A.L., Stadtmauer, E.A., Hwang, W.T., Lacey, S.F., Melenhorst, J.J., Krevvata, M., Carroll, M.P., Matsui, W.H., Wang, Q., and Dhodapkar, M.V. (2018). Anti-CD19 CAR T cells with high-dose melphalan and autologous stem cell transplantation for refractory multiple myeloma. JCI Insight, 3.","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.120505"},{"key":"ref_341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-019-1092-1","article-title":"Recent updates on CAR T clinical trials for multiple myeloma","volume":"18","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_342","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2210","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI126397","article-title":"B cell maturation antigen-specific CAR T cells are clinically active in multiple myeloma","volume":"129","author":"Cohen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14619-z","article-title":"CD229 CAR T cells eliminate multiple myeloma and tumor propagating cells without fratricide","volume":"11","author":"Radhakrishnan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0741-7","article-title":"CAR-T cell therapy: A potential new strategy against prostate cancer","volume":"7","author":"Schepisi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-6020-5_17","article-title":"New Approaches in CAR-T Cell Immunotherapy for Breast Cancer","volume":"1026","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_346","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, C.Y., Roybal, K.T., Puchner, E.M., Onuffer, J., and Lim, W.A. (2015). Remote control of therapeutic T cells through a small molecule-gated chimeric receptor. Science, 350.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab4077"},{"key":"ref_347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stadtmauer, E.A., Fraietta, J.A., Davis, M.M., Cohen, A.D., Weber, K.L., Lancaster, E., Mangan, P.A., Kulikovskaya, I., Gupta, M., and Chen, F. (2020). CRISPR-engineered T cells in patients with refractory cancer. Science, 367.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba7365"}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/12\/4\/1014\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:21:33Z","timestamp":1760361693000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/12\/4\/1014"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]]},"references-count":347,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers12041014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers12041014","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]]}}}