{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T13:30:29Z","timestamp":1791725429620,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":239,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]],"date-time":"2020-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Unlike traditional cancer therapies, such as surgery, radiation and chemotherapy that are typically non-specific, cancer immunotherapy harnesses the high specificity of a patient\u2019s own immune system to selectively kill cancer cells. The immune system is the body\u2019s main cancer surveillance system, but cancers may evade destruction thanks to various immune-suppressing mechanisms. We therefore need to deploy various immunotherapy-based strategies to help bolster the anti-tumour immune responses. These include engineering T cells to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) to specifically recognise tumour neoantigens, inactivating immune checkpoints, oncolytic viruses and dendritic cell (DC) vaccines, which have all shown clinical benefit in certain cancers. However, treatment efficacy remains poor due to drug-induced adverse events and immunosuppressive tendencies of the tumour microenvironment. Recent preclinical studies have unveiled novel therapies such as anti-cathepsin antibodies, galectin-1 blockade and anti-OX40 agonistic antibodies, which may be utilised as adjuvant therapies to modulate the tumour microenvironment and permit more ferocious anti-tumour immune response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12071826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]],"date-time":"2020-07-07T10:41:09Z","timestamp":1594118469000},"page":"1826","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Advances in Anti-Cancer Immunotherapy: Car-T Cell, Checkpoint Inhibitors, Dendritic Cell Vaccines, and Oncolytic Viruses, and Emerging Cellular and Molecular Targets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7804-4121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilie","family":"Alard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aura-Bianca","family":"Butnariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Grillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Kirkham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3808-8832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry Aleksandrovich","family":"Zinovkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Gomel State Medical University, 246000 Gomel Region, Belarus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Newnham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenna","family":"Macciochi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6164-6281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Zahidul Islam","family":"Pranjol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, May 22). Cancer Research UK. Available online: https:\/\/www.cancerresearchuk.org\/health-professional\/cancer-statistics-for-the-uk."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10734","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.23754","article-title":"Can the addition of radiotherapy postoperatively increase clinical outcome of patients with gastric cancer? A systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Fiorica","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-019-0175-7","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in cancer immunosuppression-implications for anticancer therapy","volume":"16","author":"Togashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S87","DOI":"10.3747\/co.27.5223","article-title":"A review of cancer immunotherapy: From the past, to the present, to the future","volume":"27","author":"Esfahani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"315","article-title":"Genetically engineered T cells as adoptive immunotherapy of cancer","volume":"20","author":"Ma","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother Biol. Response Modif."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc971","article-title":"Targeting tumours with genetically enhanced T lymphocytes","volume":"3","author":"Sadelain","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.181.5.1653","article-title":"Signals through T cell receptor-zeta chain alone are insufficient to prime resting T lymphocytes","volume":"181","author":"Brocker","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6106","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-1183","article-title":"A phase I study on adoptive immunotherapy using gene-modified T cells for ovarian cancer","volume":"12","author":"Kershaw","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.05.9964","article-title":"Treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma with autologous T-lymphocytes genetically retargeted against carbonic anhydrase IX: First clinical experience","volume":"24","author":"Lamers","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-12-128843","article-title":"Adoptive immunotherapy for indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma using genetically modified autologous CD20-specific T cells","volume":"112","author":"Till","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4099","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-04-281931","article-title":"Eradication of B-lineage cells and regression of lymphoma in a patient treated with autologous T cells genetically engineered to recognize CD19","volume":"116","author":"Kochenderfer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.2.331","article-title":"Chimeric Antigen Receptor Therapy for B-cell Malignancies","volume":"2","author":"Porter","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10024","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.24.10024","article-title":"Expression of immunoglobulin-T-cell receptor chimeric molecules as functional receptors with antibody-type specificity","volume":"86","author":"Gross","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1407222","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptor T cells for sustained remissions in leukemia","volume":"371","author":"Maude","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porter, D.L., Hwang, W.T., Frey, N.V., Lacey, S.F., Shaw, P.A., Loren, A.W., Bagg, A., Marcucci, K.T., Shen, A., and Gonzalez, V. (2015). Chimeric antigen receptor T cells persist and induce sustained remissions in relapsed refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Sci. Transl. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aac5415"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-2035","article-title":"FDA Approval Summary: Tisagenlecleucel for Treatment of Patients with Relapsed or Refractory B-cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia","volume":"25","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-019-1092-1","article-title":"Recent updates on CAR T clinical trials for multiple myeloma","volume":"18","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e186","DOI":"10.1097\/HS9.0000000000000186","article-title":"CAR T Cell Toxicity: Current Management and Future Directions","volume":"3","author":"Yanez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hemasphere"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16011","DOI":"10.1038\/mto.2016.11","article-title":"Toxicity and management in CAR T-cell therapy","volume":"3","author":"Bonifant","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Oncolytics."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25502","article-title":"Glial injury in neurotoxicity after pediatric CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy","volume":"86","author":"Gust","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2017.148","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy-assessment and management of toxicities","volume":"15","author":"Neelapu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2406","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-08-665547","article-title":"Acquisition of a CD19-negative myeloid phenotype allows immune escape of MLL-rearranged B-ALL from CD19 CAR-T-cell therapy","volume":"127","author":"Gardner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6330","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-04-151860","article-title":"Prognostic significance of CD20 expression in adults with de novo precursor B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"113","author":"Thomas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fousek, K., Watanabe, J., Joseph, S.K., George, A., An, X., Byrd, T.T., Morris, J.S., Luong, A., Martinez-Paniagua, M.A., and Sanber, K. (2020). CAR T-cells that target acute B-lineage leukemia irrespective of CD19 expression. Leukemia.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-0792-2"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.08.024","article-title":"The onco-embryonic antigen ROR1 is expressed by a variety of human cancers","volume":"181","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2019.02.003","article-title":"Logic-Gated ROR1 Chimeric Antigen Receptor Expression Rescues T Cell-Mediated Toxicity to Normal Tissues and Enables Selective Tumor Targeting","volume":"35","author":"Srivastava","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4532","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-05-283309","article-title":"The B-cell tumor-associated antigen ROR1 can be targeted with T cells modified to express a ROR1-specific chimeric antigen receptor","volume":"116","author":"Hudecek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1910607","article-title":"Use of CAR-Transduced Natural Killer Cells in CD19-Positive Lymphoid Tumors","volume":"382","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3112","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.30406","article-title":"A long way to the battlefront: CAR T cell therapy against solid cancers","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Elsas, M.J., Van Hall, T., and Van Der Burg, S.H. (2020). Future Challenges in Cancer Resistance to Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel), 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12040935"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12626","article-title":"Influence of tumour micro-environment heterogeneity on therapeutic response","volume":"501","author":"Junttila","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19364","article-title":"Ionic immune suppression within the tumour microenvironment limits T cell effector function","volume":"537","author":"Eil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4016","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11869-4","article-title":"CXCR1-or CXCR2-modified CAR T cells co-opt IL-8 for maximal antitumor efficacy in solid tumors","volume":"10","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0398-2","article-title":"Interleukin-23 engineering improves CAR T cell function in solid tumors","volume":"38","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7520","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201601902","article-title":"Design of Switchable Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Targeting Breast Cancer","volume":"55","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E459","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1524155113","article-title":"Switch-mediated activation and retargeting of CAR-T cells for B-cell malignancies","volume":"113","author":"Rodgers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316595","article-title":"Switchable CAR-T cells mediate remission in metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","volume":"68","author":"Raj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4086","article-title":"IL-7 and CCL19 expression in CAR-T cells improves immune cell infiltration and CAR-T cell survival in the tumor","volume":"36","author":"Adachi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01149","article-title":"CAR T Cells Targeting the Tumor MUC1 Glycoprotein Reduce Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Growth","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2013.185","article-title":"Combinational targeting offsets antigen escape and enhances effector functions of adoptively transferred T cells in glioblastoma","volume":"21","author":"Hegde","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2007.01.024","article-title":"Human ovarian carcinoma cells generate CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells from peripheral CD4(+)CD25(\u2212) T cells through secreting TGF-beta","volume":"253","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10541","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10940-8","article-title":"Armored CAR T cells enhance antitumor efficacy and overcome the tumor microenvironment","volume":"7","author":"Yeku","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Rourke, D.M., Nasrallah, M.P., Desai, A., Melenhorst, J.J., Mansfield, K., Morrissette, J.J.D., Martinez-Lage, M., Brem, S., Maloney, E., and Shen, A. (2017). A single dose of peripherally infused EGFRvIII-directed CAR T cells mediates antigen loss and induces adaptive resistance in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Sci. Transl. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaa0984"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6982","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-0867","article-title":"Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy by Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Modified T Cells Engineered to Secrete Checkpoint Inhibitors","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2011.12.020","article-title":"Cyclophosphamide inhibits the generation and function of CD8(+) regulatory T cells","volume":"73","author":"Traverso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, A., Bode, B., Wenger, R.H., Lehmann, K., Sartori, A.A., Moch, H., Knuth, A., Boehmer, L., and Broek, M. (2011). Gamma-Radiation promotes immunological recognition of cancer cells through increased expression of cancer-testis antigens in vitro and in vivo. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028217"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miao, H., Choi, B.D., Suryadevara, C.M., Sanchez-Perez, L., Yang, S., De Leon, G., Sayour, E.J., McLendon, R., Herndon, J.E., and Healy, P. (2014). EGFRvIII-specific chimeric antigen receptor T cells migrate to and kill tumor deposits infiltrating the brain parenchyma in an invasive xenograft model of glioblastoma. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094281"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3239","article-title":"The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Pardoll","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-018-0578-4","article-title":"Lessons learned from the blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.1975.3","article-title":"A new analysis of allogeneic interactions","volume":"53","author":"Lafferty","year":"1975","journal-title":"Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2018.05.030","article-title":"Keeping Tumors in Check: A Mechanistic Review of Clinical Response and Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Cancer","volume":"430","author":"Borcherding","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00086","article-title":"Anti-PD-1 and Anti-CTLA-4 Therapies in Cancer: Mechanisms of Action, Efficacy, and Limitations","volume":"8","author":"Seidel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-018-0191-1","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors: Recent progress and potential biomarkers","volume":"50","author":"Darvin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1582","article-title":"Functions of natural killer cells","volume":"9","author":"Vivier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02354","article-title":"The Rise of NK Cell Checkpoints as Promising Therapeutic Targets in Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1038\/nri727","article-title":"The B7-CD28 superfamily","volume":"2","author":"Sharpe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(05)80055-8","article-title":"Costimulation of T lymphocytes: The role of CD28, CTLA-4, and B7\/BB1 in interleukin-2 production and immunotherapy","volume":"71","author":"Schwartz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(94)80021-9","article-title":"Human B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86) bind with similar avidities but distinct kinetics to CD28 and CTLA-4 receptors","volume":"1","author":"Linsley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21155","article-title":"CTLA-4 is constitutively expressed on tumor cells and can trigger apoptosis upon ligand interaction","volume":"117","author":"Contardi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5256.1734","article-title":"Enhancement of antitumor immunity by CTLA-4 blockade","volume":"271","author":"Leach","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4712","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0830997100","article-title":"Biologic activity of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 antibody blockade in previously vaccinated metastatic melanoma and ovarian carcinoma patients","volume":"100","author":"Hodi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8372","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1533209100","article-title":"Cancer regression and autoimmunity induced by cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 blockade in patients with metastatic melanoma","volume":"100","author":"Phan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1601202","article-title":"Ipilimumab for Patients with Relapse after Allogeneic Transplantation","volume":"375","author":"Davids","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1003466","article-title":"Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma","volume":"363","author":"Hodi","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e731","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30607-1","article-title":"De-novo and acquired resistance to immune checkpoint targeting","volume":"18","author":"Syn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxm057","article-title":"PD-1 and PD-1 ligands: From discovery to clinical application","volume":"19","author":"Okazaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2017.09.050","article-title":"PD-1 pathway and its clinical application: A 20year journey after discovery of the complete human PD-1 gene","volume":"638","author":"Berger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4941","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-018-0314-0","article-title":"Targeting the upstream transcriptional activator of PD-L1 as an alternative strategy in melanoma therapy","volume":"37","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090331","article-title":"PD-1 and its ligands in tolerance and immunity","volume":"26","author":"Keir","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2326","article-title":"Inhibitory B7-family molecules in the tumour microenvironment","volume":"8","author":"Zou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20160801","article-title":"PD-L1 on tumor cells is sufficient for immune evasion in immunogenic tumors and inhibits CD8 T cell cytotoxicity","volume":"214","author":"Juneja","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1038\/nm730","article-title":"Tumor-associated B7-H1 promotes T-cell apoptosis: A potential mechanism of immune evasion","volume":"8","author":"Dong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1501824","article-title":"Pembrolizumab for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"372","author":"Garon","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411087","article-title":"PD-1 blockade with nivolumab in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma","volume":"372","author":"Ansell","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1805131","article-title":"PD-1 Blockade with Cemiplimab in Advanced Cutaneous Squamous-Cell Carcinoma","volume":"379","author":"Migden","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00587-0","article-title":"Atezolizumab versus docetaxel for patients with previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer (POPLAR): A multicentre, open-label, phase 2 randomised controlled trial","volume":"387","author":"Fehrenbacher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"990","article-title":"Durvalumab after Chemoradiotherapy in Stage III Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Reply","volume":"380","author":"Antonia","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-017-0310-x","article-title":"Updated efficacy of avelumab in patients with previously treated metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma after >\/=1 year of follow-up: JAVELIN Merkel 200, a phase 2 clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Kaufman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-019-0218-0","article-title":"Adverse effects of immune-checkpoint inhibitors: Epidemiology, management and surveillance","volume":"16","author":"Martins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00339","article-title":"Progress and Challenges in Precise Treatment of Tumors with PD-1\/PD-L1 Blockade","volume":"11","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e54","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30828-3","article-title":"New therapeutic perspectives to manage refractory immune checkpoint-related toxicities","volume":"20","author":"Martins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-017-0300-z","article-title":"Managing toxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: Consensus recommendations from the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) Toxicity Management Working Group","volume":"5","author":"Puzanov","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iv119","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx225","article-title":"Management of toxicities from immunotherapy: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"28","author":"Haanen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1604958","article-title":"Mutations Associated with Acquired Resistance to PD-1 Blockade in Melanoma","volume":"375","author":"Zaretsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"LMT18","DOI":"10.2217\/lmt-2019-0012","article-title":"Immune checkpoints inhibitors rechallenge in non-small-cell lung cancer: Different scenarios with different solutions?","volume":"8","author":"Metro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lung Cancer Manag."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friedlaender, A., Kim, C., and Addeo, A. (2020). Rethinking the Optimal Duration of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front. Oncol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.00862"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30700-9","article-title":"Nivolumab plus ipilimumab or nivolumab alone versus ipilimumab alone in advanced melanoma (CheckMate 067): 4-year outcomes of a multicentre, randomised, phase 3 trial","volume":"19","author":"Hodi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2016.02.001","article-title":"Management of toxicities of immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"44","author":"Spain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02358-7","article-title":"TNFalpha blockade overcomes resistance to anti-PD-1 in experimental melanoma","volume":"8","author":"Bertrand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad1329","article-title":"Anticancer immunotherapy by CTLA-4 blockade relies on the gut microbiota","volume":"350","author":"Vetizou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa1348","article-title":"Cancer immunology. Mutational landscape determines sensitivity to PD-1 blockade in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"348","author":"Rizvi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davoli, T., Uno, H., Wooten, E.C., and Elledge, S.J. (2017). Tumor aneuploidy correlates with markers of immune evasion and with reduced response to immunotherapy. Science, 355.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf8399"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao4572","article-title":"Patient HLA class I genotype influences cancer response to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy","volume":"359","author":"Chowell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31046-2","article-title":"Nivolumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (CheckMate 040): An open-label, non-comparative, phase 1\/2 dose escalation and expansion trial","volume":"389","author":"Sangro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0512-0","article-title":"Inhibitory receptors and ligands beyond PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4: Breakthroughs or backups","volume":"20","author":"Andrews","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12519","article-title":"LAG3 (CD223) as a cancer immunotherapy target","volume":"276","author":"Andrews","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/415536a","article-title":"Th1-specific cell surface protein Tim-3 regulates macrophage activation and severity of an autoimmune disease","volume":"415","author":"Monney","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1674","article-title":"The surface protein TIGIT suppresses T cell activation by promoting the generation of mature immunoregulatory dendritic cells","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.171.5.1393","article-title":"LAG-3, a novel lymphocyte activation gene closely related to CD4","volume":"171","author":"Triebel","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.08.010","article-title":"Role of LAG-3 in regulatory T cells","volume":"21","author":"Huang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2478(97)00170-3","article-title":"LAG-3 does not define a specific mode of natural killing in human","volume":"61","author":"Huard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2005.02145.x","article-title":"The negative regulatory function of the lymphocyte-activation gene-3 co-receptor (CD223) on human T cells","volume":"115","author":"Triebel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-019-1091-2","article-title":"Novel immune checkpoint targets: Moving beyond PD-1 and CTLA-4","volume":"18","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.03.050","article-title":"A soluble LAG-3 protein as an immunopotentiator for therapeutic vaccines: Preclinical evaluation of IMP321","volume":"24","author":"Fougeray","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2019.1629239","article-title":"Characterization of a novel anti-human lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3) antibody for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"MAbs"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1249561","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2016.1249561","article-title":"Compensatory upregulation of PD-1, LAG-3, and CTLA-4 limits the efficacy of single-agent checkpoint blockade in metastatic ovarian cancer","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.18632\/genesandcancer.180","article-title":"The promising immune checkpoint LAG-3: From tumor microenvironment to cancer immunotherapy","volume":"9","author":"Long","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genes Cancer"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2011.12.005","article-title":"Tim-3, a negative regulator of anti-tumor immunity","volume":"24","author":"Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-018-0667-4","article-title":"Tim-3 expression and its role in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(16)32903-3","article-title":"Discovery of TSR-022, a novel, potent anti-human TIM-3 therapeutic antibody","volume":"69","author":"Murtaza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00292","article-title":"FcgammaR-Binding Is an Important Functional Attribute for Immune Checkpoint Antibodies in Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201041136","article-title":"Vstm3 is a member of the CD28 family and an important modulator of T-cell function","volume":"41","author":"Levin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17858","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0903474106","article-title":"The interaction of TIGIT with PVR and PVRL2 inhibits human NK cell cytotoxicity","volume":"106","author":"Stanietsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.05.001","article-title":"Lag-3, Tim-3, and TIGIT: Co-inhibitory Receptors with Specialized Functions in Immune Regulation","volume":"44","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-018-2246-5","article-title":"TIGIT: A novel immunotherapy target moving from bench to bedside","volume":"67","author":"Solomon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saxena, M., and Bhardwaj, N. (2017). Turbocharging Vaccines: Emerging Adjuvants for Dendritic Cell Based Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Elsevier Ltd.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2017.06.003"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-12-2583","article-title":"Natural human plasmacytoid dendritic cells induce antigen-specific T-cell responses in melanoma patients","volume":"73","author":"Tel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13824","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008051107","article-title":"Induction of complete and molecular remissions in acute myeloid leukemia by Wilms\u2019 tumor 1 antigen-targeted dendritic cell vaccination","volume":"107","author":"Coolsa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3640","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-13-0282","article-title":"Vaccination with dendritic cell\/tumor fusions following autologous stem cell transplant induces immunologic and clinical responses in multiple myeloma patients","volume":"19","author":"Rosenblatt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-9987.12831","article-title":"Phase I\/II Pilot Study of Wilms\u2019 Tumor 1 Peptide-Pulsed Dendritic Cell Vaccination Combined With Conventional Chemotherapy in Patients With Head and Neck Cancer","volume":"23","author":"Ogasawara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ther. Apher. Dial."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanyi, J.L., Bobisse, S., Ophir, E., Tuyaerts, S., Roberti, A., Genolet, R., Baumgartner, P., Stevenson, B.J., Iseli, C., and Dangaj, D. (2018). Personalized cancer vaccine effectively mobilizes antitumor T cell immunity in ovarian cancer. Sci. Transl. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aao5931"},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"2265","article-title":"Dendritic cell cancer therapy: Vaccinating the right patient at the right time","volume":"9","author":"Bloemendal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Media"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1001294","article-title":"Sipuleucel-T immunotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer","volume":"363","author":"Kantoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"140","article-title":"Abnormally enhanced blood concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in metastatic cancer patients and their relation to circulating dendritic cells, IL-12 and endothelin-1","volume":"15","author":"Lissoni","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"723","article-title":"Immunoregulation by members of the TGF\u03b2 superfamily","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4586","article-title":"Current mechanistic insights into the roles of matrix metalloproteinases in tumour invasion and metastasis","volume":"237","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"766","article-title":"Personalized dendritic cell vaccines-recent breakthroughs and encouraging clinical results","volume":"10","author":"Balint","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Media"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldin, A.V., Savvateeva, L.V., Bazhin, A.V., and Zamyatnin, A.A. (2020). Dendritic cells in anticancer vaccination: Rationale for ex vivo loading or in vivo targeting. MDPI AG, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12030590"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1053\/ctrv.2001.0221","article-title":"Dendritic cell vaccines for cancer therapy","volume":"27","author":"Sprinzl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.10.018","article-title":"Human Inflammatory Dendritic Cells Induce Th17 Cell Differentiation","volume":"38","author":"Segura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.179.4.1109","article-title":"Efficient presentation of soluble antigen by cultured human dendritic cells is maintained by granulocyte\/macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus iuterleukin 4 and downregulated by tumor necrosis factor \u03b1","volume":"179","author":"Sallusto","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0105052","article-title":"Dendritic cells differentiated in the presence of IFN-{beta} and IL-3 are potent inducers of an antigen-specific CD8+ T cell response","volume":"78","author":"Breckpot","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"109","article-title":"The clinical application of cancer immunotherapy based on naturally circulating dendritic cells","volume":"7","author":"Bol","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Central."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1141","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in immunity","volume":"5","author":"Colonna","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201546023","article-title":"Differential uptake and cross-presentation of soluble and necrotic cell antigen by human DC subsets","volume":"46","author":"Chiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sittig, S.P., Bakdash, G., Weiden, J., Sk\u00f6ld, A.E., Tel, J., Figdor, C.G., Vries, I.J.M.d., and Schreibelt, G. (2016). A Comparative Study of the T Cell Stimulatory and Polarizing Capacity of Human Primary Blood Dendritic Cell Subsets. Mediat. Inflamm., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3605643"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat5030","article-title":"WDFY4 is required for cross-presentation in response to viral and tumor antigens","volume":"362","author":"Theisen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-2205","article-title":"Effective clinical responses in metastatic melanoma patients after vaccination with primary myeloid dendritic cells","volume":"22","author":"Schreibelt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"1","article-title":"Engineering dendritic cell vaccines to improve cancer immunotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Perez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Res."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.152","article-title":"HLA-A 0201 plasmacytoid dendritic cells provide a cell-based immunotherapy for melanoma patients","volume":"132","author":"Aspord","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.10.013","article-title":"Peptide vaccines in breast cancer: The immunological basis for clinical response","volume":"33","author":"Goulart","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2017.04.007","article-title":"Characterizing neoantigens for personalized cancer immunotherapy","volume":"46","author":"Capietto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar7112","article-title":"Personalized vaccines for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"359","author":"Sahin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2017.10.021","article-title":"Personalized neoantigen vaccines: A new approach to cancer immunotherapy","volume":"26","author":"Aldous","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioorganic. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"663","article-title":"Exploiting the immunogenic potential of cancer cells for improved dendritic cell vaccines","volume":"6","author":"Vandenberk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Media"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2017.01.014","article-title":"2003\u20132013, a valuable study: Autologous tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cell immunotherapy with cytokine-induced killer cells improves survival in stage IV breast cancer","volume":"183","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"119","article-title":"Re-Emergence of Dendritic Cell Vaccines for Cancer Treatment","volume":"4","author":"Saxena","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Press"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2001-11-0017","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 is a key factor for CCR7 surface expression and migration of monocyte-derived dendritic cells","volume":"100","author":"Scandella","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1097\/01.cji.0000171290.78495.66","article-title":"Th1-polarizing capacity of clinical-grade dendritic cells is triggered by ribomunyl but is compromised by PGE2: The importance of maturation cocktails","volume":"28","author":"Jongmans","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022.e14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.01.004","article-title":"NK Cells Stimulate Recruitment of cDC1 into the Tumor Microenvironment Promoting Cancer Immune Control","volume":"172","author":"Bottcher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2010.03.002","article-title":"Polarized dendritic cells as cancer vaccines: Directing effector-type T cells to tumors","volume":"22","author":"Kalinski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3366","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-2982","article-title":"Single-step antigen loading and activation of dendritic cells by mRNA electroporation for the purpose of therapeutic vaccination in melanoma patients","volume":"15","author":"Bonehill","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.63.4121","article-title":"Phase II study of autologous monocyte-derived mRNA electroporated dendritic cells (TriMixDC-MEL) plus ipilimumab in patientswith pretreated advanced melanoma","volume":"34","author":"Wilgenhof","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021348","article-title":"Route of immunization with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells controls the distribution of memory and effector T cells in lymphoid tissues and determines the pattern of regional tumor control","volume":"198","author":"Mullins","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5725","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-11-1261","article-title":"Route of administration modulates the induction of dendritic cell vaccine-induced antigen-specific T cells in advanced melanoma patients","volume":"17","author":"Lesterhuis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2931","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2017.1359362","article-title":"Cancer vaccines and immunotherapeutic approaches in hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers","volume":"13","author":"Hochnadel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-018-0014-6","article-title":"Integrating oncolytic viruses in combination cancer immunotherapy","volume":"18","author":"Bommareddy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2012.211","article-title":"Effective treatment of an orthotopic xenograft model of human glioblastoma using an EGFR-retargeted oncolytic herpes simplex virus","volume":"21","author":"Uchida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/5.suppl_4.S59","article-title":"Targeting of cytokine gene expression to malignant melanoma cells using tissue specific promoter sequences","volume":"5","author":"Vile","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.12.029","article-title":"Deregulation of STING Signaling in Colorectal Carcinoma Constrains DNA Damage Responses and Correlates with Tumorigenesis","volume":"14","author":"Xia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6747","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-16-1404","article-title":"Recurrent Loss of STING Signaling in Melanoma Correlates with Susceptibility to Viral Oncolysis","volume":"76","author":"Xia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2014.0149","article-title":"Dual Role of GM-CSF as a Pro-Inflammatory and a Regulatory Cytokine: Implications for Immune Therapy","volume":"35","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4663","article-title":"Oncolytic viruses: A new class of immunotherapy drugs","volume":"14","author":"Kaufman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0516-0","article-title":"Oncolytic Virotherapy for the Treatment of Malignant Glioma","volume":"14","author":"Foreman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1851332","article-title":"Experimental therapy of human glioma by means of a genetically engineered virus mutant","volume":"252","author":"Martuza","year":"1991","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2009.04.011","article-title":"Oncolytic viral therapy of malignant glioma","volume":"6","author":"Parker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6396","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.101136398","article-title":"Oncolytic herpes simplex virus vector with enhanced MHC class I presentation and tumor cell killing","volume":"98","author":"Todo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3302289","article-title":"HSV1716 injection into the brain adjacent to tumour following surgical resection of high-grade glioma: Safety data and long-term survival","volume":"11","author":"Harrow","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.040557897","article-title":"Engineered herpes simplex virus expressing IL-12 in the treatment of experimental murine brain tumors","volume":"97","author":"Parker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-016-0158-5","article-title":"Into the clinic: Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), a first-in-class intratumoral oncolytic viral therapy","volume":"4","author":"Rehman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s40259-019-00367-0","article-title":"Oncolytic Viruses: Priming Time for Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"33","author":"Russell","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-009-0809-6","article-title":"Local and distant immunity induced by intralesional vaccination with an oncolytic herpes virus encoding GM-CSF in patients with stage IIIc and IV melanoma","volume":"17","author":"Kaufman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2780","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.58.3377","article-title":"Talimogene Laherparepvec Improves Durable Response Rate in Patients with Advanced Melanoma","volume":"33","author":"Andtbacka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5767","DOI":"10.3390\/v7112905","article-title":"Oncolytic Replication of E1b-Deleted Adenoviruses","volume":"7","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2004.11.012","article-title":"Late viral RNA export, rather than p53 inactivation, determines ONYX-015 tumor selectivity","volume":"6","author":"Johnson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2004.07.021","article-title":"A phase I open-label, dose-escalation, multi-institutional trial of injection with an E1B-Attenuated adenovirus, ONYX-015, into the peritumoral region of recurrent malignant gliomas, in the adjuvant setting","volume":"10","author":"Chiocca","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2174\/1568009618666171129221503","article-title":"Oncorine, the World First Oncolytic Virus Medicine and its Update in China","volume":"18","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Cancer Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/95.9.652","article-title":"Preclinical characterization of the antiglioma activity of a tropism-enhanced adenovirus targeted to the retinoblastoma pathway","volume":"95","author":"Fueyo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.75.8219","article-title":"Phase I Study of DNX-2401 (Delta-24-RGD) Oncolytic Adenovirus: Replication and Immunotherapeutic Effects in Recurrent Malignant Glioma","volume":"36","author":"Lang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/not310","article-title":"Glioma virus therapies between bench and bedside","volume":"16","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2020.03.003","article-title":"Comparison of Clinically Relevant Oncolytic Virus Platforms for Enhancing T Cell Therapy of Solid Tumors","volume":"17","author":"Quixabeira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Oncolytics."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2287","article-title":"Oncolytic virotherapy","volume":"30","author":"Russell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-019-0530-6","article-title":"Patterns of response with talimogene laherparepvec in combination with ipilimumab or ipilimumab alone in metastatic unresectable melanoma","volume":"121","author":"Chesney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.73.7379","article-title":"Randomized, Open-Label Phase II Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Talimogene Laherparepvec in Combination With Ipilimumab Versus Ipilimumab Alone in Patients With Advanced, Unresectable Melanoma","volume":"36","author":"Chesney","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2015.115","article-title":"Viral Infection of Tumors Overcomes Resistance to PD-1-immunotherapy by Broadening Neoantigenome-directed T-cell Responses","volume":"23","author":"Woller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2019.04.003","article-title":"Oncolytic Viruses and Immune Checkpoint Inhibition: The Best of Both Worlds","volume":"13","author":"Sivanandam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Oncolytics"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-06-652503","article-title":"Immunovirotherapy with vesicular stomatitis virus and PD-L1 blockade enhances therapeutic outcome in murine acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"127","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vi8","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noz175.032","article-title":"Atim-33. Interim Results of a Phase Ii Multi-Center Study of Oncolytic Adenovirus Dnx-2401 with Pembrolizumab for Recurrent Glioblastoma; Captive Study (Keynote-192)","volume":"21","author":"Aiken","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20100637","article-title":"Upregulation of Tim-3 and PD-1 expression is associated with tumor antigen\u2013specific CD8+ T cell dysfunction in melanoma patients","volume":"207","author":"Fourcade","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.2174\/156652309789753356","article-title":"Oncolytic adenovirus: Preclinical and clinical studies in patients with human malignant gliomas","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cousin, J.M., and Cloninger, M.J. (2016). The Role of Galectin-1 in Cancer Progression, and Synthetic Multivalent Systems for the Study of Galectin-1. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17091566"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15975","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0603883103","article-title":"Galectin-1 is essential in tumor angiogenesis and is a target for antiangiogenesis therapy","volume":"103","author":"Thijssen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6216","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-4150","article-title":"Tumor cells secrete galectin-1 to enhance endothelial cell activity","volume":"70","author":"Thijssen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20111665","article-title":"Disrupting galectin-1 interactions with N-glycans suppresses hypoxia-driven angiogenesis and tumorigenesis in Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma","volume":"209","author":"Croci","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Haene, N., Sauvage, S., Maris, C., Adanja, I., Le Mercier, M., Decaestecker, C., Baum, L., and Salmon, I. (2013). VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 involvement in extracellular galectin-1- and galectin-3-induced angiogenesis. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067029"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.4132\/jptm.2019.05.13","article-title":"High Expression of Galectin-1, VEGF and Increased Microvessel Density Are Associated with MELF Pattern in Stage I-III Endometrioid Endometrial Adenocarcinoma","volume":"53","author":"Zinovkin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pathol. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-019-1963-7","article-title":"Cathepsin L-induced galectin-1 may act as a proangiogenic factor in the metastasis of high-grade serous carcinoma","volume":"17","author":"Pranjol","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137R","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwl025","article-title":"Galectin-1: A small protein with major functions","volume":"16","author":"Camby","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3801","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.7.3801","article-title":"Restricted receptor segregation into membrane microdomains occurs on human T cells during apoptosis induced by galectin-1","volume":"163","author":"Pace","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5328","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.8.5328","article-title":"Galectin-1 binds different CD43 glycoforms to cluster CD43 and regulate T cell death","volume":"177","author":"Hernandez","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0800839","article-title":"Suppression of autoimmune diabetes by soluble galectin-1","volume":"182","author":"Perone","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.190.3.385","article-title":"Recombinant galectin-1 and its genetic delivery suppress collagen-induced arthritis via T cell apoptosis","volume":"190","author":"Rabinovich","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510310220","article-title":"Galectin-1 exerts immunomodulatory and protective effects on concanavalin A-induced hepatitis in mice","volume":"31","author":"Santucci","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)00267-1","article-title":"Galectin-1 suppresses experimental colitis in mice","volume":"124","author":"Santucci","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3015","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200838295","article-title":"Galectin-1 functions as a Th2 cytokine that selectively induces Th1 apoptosis and promotes Th2 function","volume":"38","author":"Motran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28426","article-title":"Glioma-derived galectin-1 regulates innate and adaptive antitumor immunity","volume":"134","author":"Verschuere","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5553","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI129025","article-title":"Galectin-1-driven T cell exclusion in the tumor endothelium promotes immunotherapy resistance","volume":"129","author":"Nambiar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozorgmehr, F., Hommertgen, A., Krisam, J., Lasitschka, F., Kuon, J., Maenz, M., Huber, P.E., Konig, L., Kieser, M., and Debus, J. (2019). Fostering efficacy of anti-PD-1-treatment: Nivolumab plus radiotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer-study protocol of the FORCE trial. BMC Cancer, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-6205-0"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5558","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-1138","article-title":"Galectin-1 mediates radiation-related lymphopenia and attenuates NSCLC radiation response","volume":"20","author":"Kuo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2019.06.006","article-title":"Glycosylation in the Era of Cancer-Targeted Therapy: Where Are We Heading?","volume":"36","author":"Mereiter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3260","DOI":"10.3390\/biom5043260","article-title":"The Potential Role of the Proteases Cathepsin D and Cathepsin L in the Progression and Metastasis of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer","volume":"5","author":"Pranjol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dana, D., and Pathak, S.K. (2020). A Review of Small Molecule Inhibitors and Functional Probes of Human Cathepsin L. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25030698"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.2174\/1568009618666180831123951","article-title":"Cathepsin L Induces Proangiogenic Changes in Human Omental Microvascular Endothelial Cells via Activation of the ERK1\/2 Pathway","volume":"19","author":"Pranjol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Cancer Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_214","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cathepsin D in the Tumor Microenvironment of Breast and Ovarian Cancers","volume":"Volume 1259","author":"Birbrair","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tumor Microenvironment"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2017.10.005","article-title":"Cathepsin D non-proteolytically induces proliferation and migration in human omental microvascular endothelial cells via activation of the ERK1\/2 and PI3K\/AKT pathways","volume":"1865","author":"Pranjol","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2012-201361","article-title":"Therapeutic targets in triple negative breast cancer","volume":"66","author":"Beith","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2016.66","article-title":"Triple-negative breast cancer: Challenges and opportunities of a heterogeneous disease","volume":"13","author":"Bianchini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-016-3757-4","article-title":"Risk of regional recurrence in triple-negative breast cancer patients: A Dutch cohort study","volume":"156","author":"Smit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, L., Liu, Z., Chen, S., Liu, Y., and Shao, Z. (2013). A prognostic model for triple-negative breast cancer patients based on node status, cathepsin-D and Ki-67 index. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083081"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0498-z","article-title":"Immunotherapy of triple-negative breast cancer with cathepsin D-targeting antibodies","volume":"7","author":"Ashraf","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, V., Yull, F., and Khabele, D. (2018). Bipolar Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Ovarian Cancer as Targets for Therapy. Cancers (Basel), 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers10100366"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansouri, H., Alcaraz, L.B., Mollevi, C., Mallavialle, A., Jacot, W., Boissi\u00e8re-Michot, F., Simony-Lafontaine, J., Laurent-Matha, V., Roger, P., and Liaudet-Coopman, E. (2020). Co-Expression of Androgen Receptor and Cathepsin D Defines a Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Subgroup with Poorer Overall Survival. Cancers (Basel), 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12051244"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tabish, T.A., Pranjol, M.Z.I., Horsell, D.W., Rahat, A.A.M., Whatmore, J.L., Winyard, P.G., and Zhang, S. (2019). Graphene Oxide-Based Targeting of Extracellular Cathepsin D and Cathepsin L as A Novel Anti-Metastatic Enzyme Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel), 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11030319"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0269-6","article-title":"Enhancing cancer immunotherapy with nanomedicine","volume":"20","author":"Irvine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tabish, T.A., Pranjol, M.Z.I., Whatmore, J.L., and Zhang, S. (2020). Status and future directions of anti-metastatic cancer nanomedicines for the inhibition of cathepsin L. Front. Nanotechnol.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnano.2020.00001"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.05.009","article-title":"Regulatory T cells and immune tolerance","volume":"133","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15179","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15179","article-title":"Prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in cancers: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Shang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11618","article-title":"CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in patients with gastrointestinal malignancies: Possible involvement of regulatory T cells in disease progression","volume":"98","author":"Sasada","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18538","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0509182102","article-title":"Intraepithelial CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and a high CD8+\/regulatory T cell ratio are associated with favorable prognosis in ovarian cancer","volume":"102","author":"Sato","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20091618","article-title":"OX40 is required for regulatory T cell-mediated control of colitis","volume":"207","author":"Griseri","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-16-1839","article-title":"Differential PI3Kdelta Signaling in CD4(+) T-cell Subsets Enables Selective Targeting of T Regulatory Cells to Enhance Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"77","author":"Ahmad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2015.00034","article-title":"OX40 Agonists and Combination Immunotherapy: Putting the Pedal to the Metal","volume":"5","author":"Linch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_233","unstructured":"Rennert, P.D. (2016). Parallel Costimulation of Effector and Regulatory T Cells by OX40, GITR, TNFRSF25, CD27, and CD137: Implications for Cancer Immunotherapy. Novel Immunotherapeutic Approaches to the Treatment of Cancer: Drug Development and Clinical Application, Springer."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7189","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-12-4174","article-title":"OX40 is a potent immune-stimulating target in late-stage cancer patients","volume":"73","author":"Curti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamid, O., Thompson, J.A., Diab, A., Ros, W., Eskens, F., Bermingham, C., Konto, C., Long, H., Liao, K., and Ganguly, B.J. (2016). First in human (FIH) study of an OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody (mAb) PF-04518600 (PF-8600) in adult patients (pts) with select advanced solid tumors: Preliminary safety and pharmacokinetic (PK)\/pharmacodynamic results. J. Clin. Oncol., 34.","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.34.15_suppl.3079"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-14-0226","article-title":"Induced PD-L1 expression mediates acquired resistance to agonistic anti-CD40 treatment","volume":"3","author":"Zippelius","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-18-0222","article-title":"Late-Stage Tumor Regression after PD-L1 Blockade Plus a Concurrent OX40 Agonist","volume":"7","author":"Polesso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poropatich, K.O., Dominguez, D., Chan, W.-C., Andrade, J., Zha, Y., Wray, B.D., Miska, J., Qin, L., Cole, L.E., and Coates, S. (2020). OX40+ plasmacytoid dendritic cells in the tumor microenvironment promote antitumor immunity. J. Clin. Investig.","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI131992"},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0635-8","article-title":"Type I interferon suppresses tumor growth through activating the STAT3-granzyme B pathway in tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic T lymphocytes","volume":"7","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/12\/7\/1826\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:48:35Z","timestamp":1760176115000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/12\/7\/1826"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]]},"references-count":239,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers12071826"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers12071826","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]]}}}