{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T19:13:50Z","timestamp":1790104430436,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,18]],"date-time":"2020-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Development Projects to finance excellence (PFE)-37\/2018-2020 granted by the Romanian Ministry of Research and Innovation.","award":["(PFE)-37\/2018-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(PFE)-37\/2018-2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) is an effective treatment modality, which has the significant advantage of enhancing a patient\u2019s quality of life (QoL) by minimising the side effects of oral cancer treatments, as well as assisting in the management of potentially cancerous lesions. It is important to note that the major evidence-based documentation neither considers, nor tackles, the issues related to the impact of PBMT on tumour progression and on the downregulation of cellular proliferation improvement, by identifying the dose- and time-dependency. Moreover, little is known about the risk of this therapy and its safety when it is applied to the tumour, or the impact on the factor of QoL. The review aimed to address the benefits and limitations of PBMT in premalignant oral lesions, as well as the conflicting evidence concerning the relationship between tumour cell proliferation and the applied dose of photonic energy (fluence) in treating oral mucositis induced by head and neck cancer (H&amp;N) treatments. The objective was to appraise the current concept of PBMT safety in the long-term, along with its latent impact on tumour reaction. This review highlighted the gap in the literature and broaden the knowledge of the current clinical evidence-based practice, and effectiveness, of PBMT in H&amp;N oncology patients. As a result, the authors concluded that PBMT is a promising treatment modality. However, due to the heterogeneity of our data, it needs to undergo further testing in well-designed, long-term and randomised controlled trial studies, to evaluate it with diligent and impartial outcomes, and ensure laser irradiation\u2019s safety at the tumour site.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12071949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]],"date-time":"2020-07-21T06:38:55Z","timestamp":1595313535000},"page":"1949","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Photobiomodulation Therapy in Oral Mucositis and Potentially Malignant Oral Lesions: A Therapy Towards the Future"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2882-2156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reem","family":"Hanna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, Laser Therapy Centre, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV,6, 16132 Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery, Dental Institute, King\u2019s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 9RS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6601-8551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Snehal","family":"Dalvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, Laser Therapy Centre, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV,6, 16132 Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Swargiya Dadasaheb Kalmegh Smruti Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur 441110, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Benedicenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, Laser Therapy Centre, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV,6, 16132 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Amaroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Dentistry, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetzkaya Street, 8, Bldg. 2, 119146 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tudor","family":"S\u0103l\u0103gean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Measurements and Exact Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6167-8232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioana Delia","family":"Pop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Measurements and Exact Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doina","family":"Todea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400332 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7166-9949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioana Roxana","family":"Bordea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Rehabilitation, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.359","article-title":"Multiple roles of cytochrome c oxidase in mammalian cells under action of red and IR-A radiation","volume":"62","author":"Karu","year":"2010","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"135","article-title":"Structure of cytochrome c oxidase","volume":"726","author":"Capaldi","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-011-0454-7","article-title":"The nuts and bolts of low-level laser (light) therapy","volume":"40","author":"Chung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Proposed mechanisms of photobiomodulation or low-level light therapy","volume":"22","author":"Hamblin","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.2203\/dose-response.11-009.Hamblin","article-title":"Biphasic dose response in low level light therapy-an update","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dose Response"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1109\/JQE.1987.1073236","article-title":"Photobiological fundamentals of low power laser therapy","volume":"23","author":"Karu","year":"1987","journal-title":"IEEE J. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2008.12.019","article-title":"Experimental and numerical study on simultaneous effects of scattering and absorption on fluorescence spectroscopy of a breast phantom","volume":"41","author":"Ansari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-2607(95)01640-F","article-title":"MCML-Monte Carlo modeling of light transport in multi-layered tissues","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034516648939","article-title":"Craniofacial healing with photobiomodulation therapy: Insights and current challenges","volume":"95","author":"Arany","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00092","article-title":"A comparative study between the effectiveness of 980 nm photobiomodulation delivered by hand-piece with gaussian vs. flat-top profiles on osteoblasts maturation","volume":"10","author":"Hanna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008234","article-title":"Photoactivation of endogenous latent transforming growth factor-beta1 directs dental stem cell differentiation for regeneration","volume":"6","author":"Arany","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2016.10.008","article-title":"Photobiomodulation of human adipose-derived stem cells using 810 nm and 980 nm lasers operates via different mechanisms of action","volume":"1861","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(89)91138-8","article-title":"Increase in RNA and protein synthesis by mitochondria irradiated with helium-neon laser","volume":"163","author":"Greco","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2016.01.005","article-title":"Could the biological robustness of low level laser therapy (photobiomodulation) impact its use in the management of mucositis in head and neck cancer patients","volume":"54","author":"Sonis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2017.05.018","article-title":"Long-term survival of a randomized phase III trial of head and neck cancer patients receiving concurrent chemoradiation therapy with or with- out low-level laser therapy (LLLT) to prevent oral mucositis","volume":"71","author":"Antunes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-018-4046-z","article-title":"Locally advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma patients treated with photobiomodulation for prevention of oral mucositis: Retrospective outcomes and safety analyses","volume":"26","author":"Brandao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20920","article-title":"Effects of low-level laser therapy on collagen expression and neutrophil infiltrate in 5-fluorouracil-induced oral mucositis in hamsters","volume":"42","author":"Lopes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-014-1624-2","article-title":"Effect of low-level laser therapy on inflammatory mediator release during chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis: A randomized preliminary study","volume":"30","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201300015","article-title":"Low-level laser therapy can produce increased aggressiveness of dysplastic and oral cancer cell lines by modulation of Akt\/mTOR signaling pathway","volume":"6","author":"Sperandio","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biophotonics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-016-3153-y","article-title":"Low-level laser therapy\/photobiomodulation in the management of side effects of chemoradiation therapy in head and neck cancer: Part 2: Proposed applications and treatment protocols","volume":"24","author":"Zecha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-019-3196-8","article-title":"Effect of photobiomodulation on the severity of oral mucositis and molecular changes in head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy: A study protocol for a cost-effectiveness randomized clinical trial","volume":"20","author":"Nogueira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-011-1113-0","article-title":"Differential responses of fibroblasts, non-neoplastic epithelial cells, and oral carcinoma cells to low-level laser therapy","volume":"20","author":"Schartinger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-016-2056-y","article-title":"The use of low-level light therapy in supportive care for patients with breast cancer: Review of the literature","volume":"32","author":"Robijns","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00343","article-title":"Low-level laser therapy stimulates proliferation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells","volume":"8","author":"Bamps","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/14764172.2017.1376097","article-title":"Efficacy of low- level laser therapy as an auxiliary tool for management of acute side effects of head and neck radiotherapy","volume":"20","author":"Ramos","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Laser Ther."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-018-2640-4","article-title":"Photobiomodulation is associated with a decrease in cell viability and migration in oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"34","author":"Schalch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20117","article-title":"Effect of wavelength on low intensity laser irradiation stimulated cell proliferation in vitro","volume":"36","author":"Moore","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1011-1344(02)00319-6","article-title":"Mitogenic potential inducible by he: Ne laser in human lymphocytes in vitro","volume":"68","author":"Korraa","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-64402002000200006","article-title":"Does LLLT stimulate laryngeal carcinoma cells? An in vitro study","volume":"13","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Braz. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2016.01.010","article-title":"Mucositis in head and neck cancer patients treated with radiotherapy and systemic therapies: Literature review and consensus statements","volume":"100","author":"Bossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1385","article-title":"Low-level laser therapy promotes proliferation and invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells","volume":"29","author":"Henriques","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10581","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10581","article-title":"Molecular pathway of near- infrared laser phototoxicity involves ATF-4 orchestrated ER stress","volume":"5","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2011.3186","article-title":"A preliminary study of the safety of red light phototherapy of tissues harboring cancer","volume":"30","author":"Stadler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Photomed. Laser Surg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2010.2896","article-title":"Influence of laser phototherapy (660 nm) on the outcome of oral chemical carcinogenesis on the hamster cheek pouch model: Histological study","volume":"29","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Photomed. Laser Surg."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4579279","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4579279","article-title":"Variation of energy in photobiomodulation for the control of radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis: A clinical study in head and neck cancer patients","volume":"2018","author":"Guedes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2019.111592","article-title":"High energy density LED-based photobiomodulation inhibits squamous cell carcinoma progression in co-cultures in vitro","volume":"199","author":"Takemoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2013.09.003","article-title":"Effect of class IV laser therapy on chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis: A clinical and experimental study","volume":"183","author":"Ottaviani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gobbo, M., Verzegnassi, F., Ronfani, L., Zanon, D., Melchionda, F., Bagattoni, S., Majorana, A., Bardellini, E., Mura, R., and Piras, A. (2018). Multicenter randomized, double-blind controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of laser therapy for the treatment of severe oral mucositis induced by chemotherapy in children: laMPO RCT. Pediatr. Blood Cancer.","DOI":"10.26226\/morressier.5afadd88f314ac000849ae7f"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3003","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-020-05410-3","article-title":"Photobiomodulation safety in cancer patients: In vivo data","volume":"28","author":"Bensadoun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1200\/JOP.19.00766","article-title":"Evidence-based management of oral mucositis","volume":"16","author":"Lalla","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCO Oncol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2020, July 10). Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer: MASCC\/ISOO Mucositis Clinical Practice Guidelines, 2019. Available online: https:\/\/www.mascc.org\/mucositis-guidelines."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-011-1202-0","article-title":"A systematic review with meta-analysis of the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in cancer therapy-induced oral mucositis","volume":"19","author":"Bjordal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oberoi, S., Zamperlini-Netto, G., Beyene, J., Treister, N.S., and Sung, L. (2014). Effect of prophylactic low-level laser therapy on oral mucositis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107418"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.21737","article-title":"Effect of intraoral low-level laser therapy on quality of life of patients with head and neck cancer undergoing radiotherapy","volume":"34","author":"Morais","year":"2012","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-009-0603-9","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in 5- fluorouracil-induced oral mucositis in hamsters: Evaluation of two low- intensity laser protocols","volume":"17","author":"Lopes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-012-1605-6","article-title":"Systematic review of laser and other light therapy for the management of oral mucositis in cancer patients","volume":"21","author":"Migliorati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0b013e328352eaa3","article-title":"Low-level laser therapy in the prevention and treatment of cancer therapy induced mucositis: State of the art based on literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Bensadoun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-019-02722-7","article-title":"Efficacy of low-level laser for treatment of cancer oral mucositis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Anschau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2011.08.021","article-title":"Evaluation of low-level laser therapy in the prevention and treatment of radiation induced mucositis: A double-blind randomized study in head and neck cancer patients","volume":"47","author":"Carvalho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2007.07.043","article-title":"Efficacy of He-Ne Laser in the prevention and treatment of radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis in oral cancer patients","volume":"105","author":"Arora","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12090","article-title":"Class IV laser therapy as treatment for chemotherapy- induced oral mucositis in onco-haematological paediatric patients: A prospective study","volume":"24","author":"Chermetz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-016-1975-y","article-title":"Low-level laser therapy for treatment of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in childhood: A randomized double-blind controlled study","volume":"31","author":"Amadori","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-014-2155-x","article-title":"Evaluation of nutritional status in head and neck radio- treated patients affected by oral mucositis: Efficacy of class IV laser therapy","volume":"22","author":"Gobbo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-016-3152-z","article-title":"Low-level laser therapy\/photobiomodulation in the management of side effects of chemoradiation therapy in head and neck cancer: Part 1: Mechanisms of action, dosimetric, and safety considerations","volume":"24","author":"Zecha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3969","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-019-04890-2","article-title":"Systematic review of photobiomodulation for the management of oral mucositis in cancer patients and clinical practice guidelines","volume":"27","author":"Zadik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2013.3576","article-title":"Chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis: Effect of LED and laser phototherapy treatment protocols","volume":"32","author":"Freitas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photomed. Laser Surg."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-012-1089-0","article-title":"Effect of irradiation with red and infrared laser in the treatment of oral mucositis: A pilot study with patients undergoing chemotherapy with 5-FU","volume":"27","author":"Cunha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-015-1857-8","article-title":"Same strategy for pitfalls of radiotherapy in different anatomical districts","volume":"31","author":"Gobbo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8140(02)00404-8","article-title":"Mucositis incidence, severity and associated outcomes in patients with head and neck cancer receiving radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy: A systematic literature review","volume":"66","author":"Trotti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2940","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2013.53.5633","article-title":"Randomized phase III trial of concurrent accelerated radiation plus cisplatin with or without cetuximab for stage III to IV head and neck carcinoma: RTOG 0522","volume":"32","author":"Ang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-010-0855-4","article-title":"Systematic reviews and guidelines for oral complications of cancer therapies: Current challenges and future opportunities","volume":"18","author":"Brennan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Mobadder, M., Farhat, F., El Mobadder, W., and Nammour, S. (2019). Photobiomodulation therapy in the treatment of oral mucositis, dysphagia, oral dryness, taste alteration, and burning mouth sensation due to cancer therapy: A case series. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16224505"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"6","article-title":"Oral potentially malignant disorders: An overview of more than 20 entities","volume":"8","author":"Mortazavi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res. Clin. Dent. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-4356(84)90048-2","article-title":"The effects of the carbon dioxide surgical laser on oral tissues","volume":"22","author":"Fisher","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coms.2004.02.001","article-title":"Intraoral laser surgery","volume":"16","author":"Wlodawsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofac. Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"183","article-title":"Lasers in the management of oral pre-malignant lesions","volume":"3","author":"Manjunath","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Stud."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-011-0916-z","article-title":"CO2 laser of oral dysplasia: Clinicopathological features of recurrence and malignant transformation","volume":"27","author":"Jerjes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2013.04.008","article-title":"Recurrence patterns and management of oral cavity premalignant lesions","volume":"49","author":"Arnaoutakis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"351","article-title":"Treatment of oral lichen planus. Systematic review and therapeutic guide","volume":"149","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2010.2876","article-title":"A comparative pilot study of low intensity laser versus topical corticosteroids in the treatment of erosive-atrophic oral lichen planus","volume":"29","author":"Jajarm","year":"2011","journal-title":"Photomed. Laser Surg."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-013-1313-6","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of the efficiency of low-level laser therapy for oral lichen planus: A prospective case series","volume":"29","author":"Cafaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-017-2233-7","article-title":"Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in management of symptomatic oral lichen planus: A systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Kalakonda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12619","article-title":"Efficacy of low-level laser therapy compared to steroid therapy in the treatment of oral lichen planus: A systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Akram","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2015.27.5.485","article-title":"Comparison of low level laser therapy versus ozone therapy in the treatmen of oral lichen planus","volume":"27","author":"Kazancioglu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Detmatol."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/12\/7\/1949\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:49:36Z","timestamp":1760176176000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/12\/7\/1949"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,18]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers12071949"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers12071949","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,18]]}}}