{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:37:14Z","timestamp":1787027834981,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]],"date-time":"2020-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003645","name":"National Cancer Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1710080, 1710080, 1810934, 1811010, and 2010070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1710080, 1710080, 1810934, 1811010, and 2010070"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003645","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015R1C1A1A01053407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015R1C1A1A01053407"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) induced by reduced O2 availability activate the transcription of target genes encoding proteins that play important roles in communication between cancer and stromal cells. Cancer cells were incubated under hypoxic conditions: H1299, A549 (NSCLC); Hep3B, HepG2 (HCC); HCT116, CT26 (Colon cancer); MCF-7, MDAMB231 (Breast cancer); MKN1, MKN5 (Gastric cancer); U87MG, SHSY5Y (Brain cancer); and SKOV3, SNU840 (Ovary cancer). All cells expressed HIF-1\u03b1 and HIF-2\u03b1 mRNA and proteins. However, cell proliferation of NSCLC, breast, gastric, and brain cancer cells under hypoxia was more dependent on HIF-1\u03b1 except for HCC cells where it was more dependent on HIF-2\u03b1. Among HIF-1\u03b1 dependent cells H1299 was the most affected in terms of cell proliferation by HIF-1\u03b1 knockdown. To examine which cytokines are secreted in NSCLC cells by HIF-1\u03b1 to communicate with stromal cells, we performed a cytokine-profiling array with H1299. We screened the top 14 cytokines which were dependent on the HIF-1\u03b1 expression pattern. Among them, midkine (MDK) expression was affected the most in response to HIF-1\u03b1. MDK is a heparin-binding growth factor that promotes angiogenesis and carcinogenesis. Indeed, MDK significantly increased HUVEV endothelial cell migration and neo- vascularization in chick chorioallantoic membrane assay (CAM) assay via paracrine signaling. In addition, MDK secreted from NSCLC cells interacted with Notch2 which activated the Notch signaling pathway and induced EMT, upregulated NF-\u03baB, and increased cancer promotion. However, in response to MDK knock down, siRNA or the MDK inhibitor, iMDK treatment not only decreased MDK-induced migration and angiogenesis of endothelial cells but also abrogated the progression and metastasis of NSCLC cells in in vitro and in vivo orthotopic and spontaneous lung metastasis models. Consequently, iMDK treatment significantly increased mice survival rates compared with the control or MDK expression group. MDK plays a very important role in the progression and metastasis of NSCLC cells. Moreover, the MDK targeting strategy provides a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of MDK-expressing lung cancers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12092402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]],"date-time":"2020-08-24T10:37:32Z","timestamp":1598265452000},"page":"2402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Midkine Is a Potential Therapeutic Target of Tumorigenesis, Angiogenesis, and Metastasis in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2531-6493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong Hoon","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea"},{"name":"Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong Yeon","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea"},{"name":"Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun Ha","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea"},{"name":"Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minyoung","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chungyong","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beom K.","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534735419862352","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735419862352","article-title":"Toward normalization of the tumor microenvironment for Cancer Therapy","volume":"18","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Integr. 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