{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T17:45:36Z","timestamp":1792431936336,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]],"date-time":"2020-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Salud de la Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","award":["PE-0106-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE-0106-2019"]}]},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Unicaja","award":["C19047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C19047"]}]},{"name":"UMA-FEDER","award":["UMA18\u2010FEDERJA-042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMA18\u2010FEDERJA-042"]}]},{"name":"Miguel Servet Type II from ISCIII","award":["CPI13\/00003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPI13\/00003"]}]},{"name":"Nicolas Monardes - Consejer\u00eda de Salud - Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","award":["C-0030-2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C-0030-2018"]}]},{"name":"PFIS-ISCIII","award":["FI19-00112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FI19-00112"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In breast cancer (BC) the employment of sequencing technologies for metagenomic analyses has allowed not only the description of the overall metagenomic landscape but also the specific microbial changes and their functional implications. Most of the available data suggest that BC is related to bacterial dysbiosis in both the gut microenvironment and breast tissue. It is hypothesized that changes in the composition and functions of several breast and gut bacterial taxa may contribute to BC development and progression through several pathways. One of the most prominent roles of gut microbiota is the regulation of steroid-hormone metabolism, such as estrogens, a component playing an important role as risk factor in BC development, especially in postmenopausal women. On the other hand, breast and gut resident microbiota are the link in the reciprocal interactions between cancer cells and their local environment, since microbiota are capable of modulating mucosal and systemic immune responses. Several in vivo and in vitro studies show remarkable evidence that diet, probiotics and prebiotics could exert important anticarcinogenic effects in BC. Moreover, gut microbiota have an important role in the metabolism of chemotherapeutic drugs and in the activity of immunogenic chemotherapies since they are a potential dominant mediator in the response to cancer therapy. Then, the microbiome impact in BC is multi-factorial, and the gut and breast tissue bacteria population could be important in regulating the local immune system, in tumor formation and progression and in therapy response and\/or resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12092465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]],"date-time":"2020-08-31T08:11:19Z","timestamp":1598861479000},"page":"2465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":202,"title":["Breast and Gut Microbiota Action Mechanisms in Breast Cancer Pathogenesis and Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Aurora","family":"Laborda-Illanes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica Intercentros de Oncolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica, Hospitales Universitarios Regional y Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA)-CIMES-UMA, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidia","family":"Sanchez-Alcoholado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica Intercentros de Oncolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica, Hospitales Universitarios Regional y Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA)-CIMES-UMA, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Emilia","family":"Dominguez-Recio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica Intercentros de Oncolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica, Hospitales Universitarios Regional y Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA)-CIMES-UMA, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bego\u00f1a","family":"Jimenez-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica Intercentros de Oncolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica, Hospitales Universitarios Regional y Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA)-CIMES-UMA, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Lavado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica Intercentros de Oncolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica, Hospitales Universitarios Regional y Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA)-CIMES-UMA, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I\u00f1aki","family":"Comino-M\u00e9ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica Intercentros de Oncolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica, Hospitales Universitarios Regional y Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA)-CIMES-UMA, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Alba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica Intercentros de Oncolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica, Hospitales Universitarios Regional y Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA)-CIMES-UMA, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2867-0845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Isabel","family":"Queipo-Ortu\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica Intercentros de Oncolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica, Hospitales Universitarios Regional y Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA)-CIMES-UMA, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21332","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2016","volume":"66","author":"Siegel","year":"2016","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8418","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0932692100","article-title":"Repeated observation of breast tumor subtypes in independent gene expression data sets","volume":"100","author":"Sorlie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Z., Fan, C., Oh, D.S., Marron, J.S., He, X., Qaqish, B.F., Livasy, C., Carey, L.A., Reynolds, E., and Dressler, L. (2006). The molecular portraits of breast tumors are conserved across microarray platforms. BMC Genom., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-7-96"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3322\/CA.2007.0010","article-title":"Cancer Statistics, 2008","volume":"58","author":"Jemal","year":"2008","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mik\u00f3, E., Kov\u00e1cs, T., Seb\u00f6, E., T\u00f3th, J., Csonka, T., Ujlaki, G., Sipos, A., Szab\u00f3, J., M\u00e9hes, G., and Bai, P. (2019). Microbiome-Microbial Metabolome-Cancer Cell Interactions in Breast Cancer-Familiar, but Unexpected. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8040293"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00459","article-title":"Characterization of the Gut Microbiome Using 16S or Shotgun Metagenomics","volume":"7","author":"Jovel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3935","article-title":"Shotgun metagenomics, from sampling to analysis","volume":"35","author":"Quince","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2019.03.006","article-title":"What is new and relevant for sequencing-based microbiome research? A mini-review","volume":"19","author":"Fricker","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.00904","article-title":"Advances and Challenges in Metatranscriptomic Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Shakya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.09.002","article-title":"Quantitative imaging of gut microbiota spatial organization","volume":"18","author":"Earle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01383","article-title":"Multicolor Fluorescence in situ Hybridization Approach Using an Extended Set of Fluorophores to Visualize Microorganisms","volume":"10","author":"Lukumbuzya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willis, J.R., and Gabald\u00f3n, T. (2020). The Human Oral Microbiome in Health and Disease: From Sequences to Ecosystems. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8020308"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lacey, J.V., Kreimer, A.R., Buys, S.S., Marcus, P.M., Chang, S.C., Leitzmann, M.F., Hoover, R.N., Prorok, P.C., Berg, C.D., and Hartge, P. (2009). Breast cancer epidemiology according to recognized breast cancer risk factors in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial Cohort. BMC Cancer, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-9-84"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/87.22.1681","article-title":"Proportion of breast cancer cases in the United States explained by well-established risk factors","volume":"87","author":"Madigan","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez, M.F., Reina-P\u00e9rez, I., Astorga, J.M., Rodr\u00edguez-Carrillo, A., Plaza-D\u00edaz, J., and Fontana, L. (2018). Breast Cancer and Its relationship with the microbiota. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15081747"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-015-3447-7","article-title":"The proportion of postmenopausal breast cancer cases in the Netherlands attributable to lifestyle-related risk factors","volume":"152","author":"Lanting","year":"2015","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.096651.109","article-title":"The NIH Human Microbiome Project","volume":"19","author":"Peterson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.10.003","article-title":"Microbiome and malignancy","volume":"10","author":"Plottel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgt392","article-title":"Emerging roles of the microbiome in cancer","volume":"35","author":"Bultman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.11.009","article-title":"Host-bacterial interactions in Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"134","author":"Amieva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.24220","article-title":"The complex interplay between inflammation, the microbiota and colorectal cancer","volume":"4","author":"Arthur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00242-14","article-title":"Microbiota of human breast tissue","volume":"80","author":"Urbaniak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.2.361","article-title":"Ultrasound imaging of milk ejection in the breast of lactating women","volume":"113","author":"Ramsay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665110001898","article-title":"Potential role of the intestinal microbiota of the mother in neonatal immune education","volume":"69","author":"Perez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xuan, C., Shamonki, J.M., Chung, A., Donome, M.L., Chung, M., Sieling, P.A., and Lee, D.J. (2014). Microbial dysbiosis is associated with human breast cancer. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083744"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2016.17.S3.279","article-title":"Evaluation of Methylobacterium radiotolerance and Sphyngomonas yanoikoaie in sentinel lymph nodes of breast cancer cases","volume":"17","author":"Yazdi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88122","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21490","article-title":"Breast tissue, oral and urinary microbiomes in breast cancer","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson, K.J., Ingle, J.N., Tang, X., Chia, N., Jeraldo, P.R., Walther-Antonio, M.R., Kandimalla, K.K., Johnson, S., Yao, J.Z., and Harrington, S.C. (2017). A comprehensive analysis of breast cancer microbiota and host gene expression. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188873"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00318","article-title":"Study of Microbiomes in Aseptically Collected Samples of Human Breast Tissue Using Needle Biopsy and the Potential Role of in situ Tissue Microbiomes for Promoting Malignancy","volume":"8","author":"Meng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00951","article-title":"Distinct Microbial Signatures Associated with different breast cancer types","volume":"15","author":"Banerjee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15162","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15162","article-title":"Distinct microbiological signatures associated with triple negative breast cancer","volume":"5","author":"Banerjee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16893","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35329-z","article-title":"Characterization of human breast tissue microbiota from core needle biopsies through the analysis of multi hypervariable 16S-rRNA gene regions","volume":"8","author":"Constantini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5039","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01235-16","article-title":"The microbiota of breast tissue and its association with breast cancer","volume":"82","author":"Urbaniak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30751","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30751","article-title":"The Microbiome of Aseptically Collected Human Breast Tissue in Benign and Malignant Disease","volume":"6","author":"Hieken","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28061","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28061","article-title":"Characterization of the microbiome of nipple aspirate fluid of breast cancer survivors","volume":"6","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"120","article-title":"Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Shifts Breast Tumor Microbiota Populations to Regulate Drug Responsiveness and the Development of Metastasis","volume":"18","author":"Chiba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bard, J.M., Luu, T.H., Dravet, F., Michel, C., Moyon, T., Pagniez, A., Nazih, H., and Bobin-Dubigeon, C. (2015). Relationship between intestinal microbiota and clinical characteristics of patients with early stage breast cancer. FASEB J., 29.","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.29.1_supplement.914.2"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2017.1263750","article-title":"Intestinal Proportion of Blautia spp. is associated with clinical stage and histoprognostic grade in patients with early-stage breast cancer","volume":"69","author":"Luu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2018.08.164","article-title":"Fecal Akkermansia muciniphila Is Associated with Body Composition and Microbiota Diversity in Overweight and Obese Women with Breast Cancer Participating in a Presurgical Weight Loss Trial","volume":"120","author":"Rogers","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goedert, J.J., Jones, G., Hua, X., Xu, X., Yu, G., Flores, R., Falk, R.T., Gail, M.H., Shi, J., and Ravel, J. (2015). Investigation of the association between the fecal microbiota and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: A population-based case-control pilot study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 107.","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djv147"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0515-3","article-title":"Breast cancer in postmenopausal women is associated with an altered gut metagenome","volume":"6","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4632","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-2222","article-title":"Associations of the fecal microbiome with urinary estrogens and estrogen metabolites in postmenopausal women","volume":"99","author":"Fuhrman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2017.435","article-title":"Postmenopausal breast cancer and oestrogen associations with the IgA-coated and IgA-noncoated faecal microbiota","volume":"118","author":"Goedert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3662","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-18-3464","article-title":"Preexisting Commensal Dysbiosis Is a Host-Intrinsic Regulator of Tissue Inflammation and Tumor Cell Dissemination in Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer","volume":"79","author":"Bostic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2019.0034","article-title":"Association between blood omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the gut microbiota among breast cancer survivors","volume":"10","author":"Horigome","year":"2019","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirkup, B.M., McKee, A., Makin, K.A., Paveley, J., Caim, S., Alcon-Giner, C., Leclaire, C., Dalby, M., Le Gall, G., and Andrusaite, A. (2019). Perturbation of the gut microbiota by antibiotics results in accelerated breast tumour growth and metabolic dysregulation. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/553602"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2015.963050","article-title":"Development of recombinant methioninase to target the general cancer-specific metabolic defect of methionine dependence: A 40-year odyssey","volume":"15","author":"Hoffman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, W.F., Rosenberg, P.S., Prat, A., Perou, C.M., and Sherman, M.E. (2014). How many etiological subtypes of breast cancer: Two, three, four, or more?. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 106.","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dju165"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cancer Genome Atlas Network (2012). Comprehensive molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature, 490, 61\u201370.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11412"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-10-253","article-title":"Fecal microbial determinants of fecal and systemic estrogens and estrogen metabolites: A cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Flores","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17915","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.24681","article-title":"Microbiota effects on cancer: From risks to therapies","volume":"9","author":"Rea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2008.00520.x","article-title":"Distribution of beta-glucosidase and beta-glucuronidase activity and of beta-glucuronidase gene gus in human colonic bacteria","volume":"66","author":"Dabek","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flores, R., Shi, J., Gail, M.H., Gajer, P., Ravel, J., and Goedert, J.J. (2012). Association of fecal microbial diversity and taxonomy with selected enzymatic functions. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039745"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1007\/s12282-016-0734-z","article-title":"Gastrointestinal microbiome and breast cancer: Correlations, mechanisms and potential clinical implications","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Breast Cancer"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2015.215","article-title":"Clinical relevance of host immunity in breast cancer: From TILs to the clinic","volume":"13","author":"Savas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdu191","article-title":"Association between CD8+ T-cell infiltration and breast cancer survival in 12,439 patients","volume":"25","author":"Ali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-014-0432-8","article-title":"Prognostic significance of FOXP3+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer depends on estrogen receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 expression status and concurrent cytotoxic T-cell infiltration","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5373","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.05.9584","article-title":"Quantification of regulatory T cells enables the identification of high-risk breast cancer patients and those at risk of late relapse","volume":"24","author":"Bates","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.3109\/07357907.2011.585193","article-title":"The numbers of FoxP3+ lymphocytes in sentinel lymph nodes of breast cancer patients correlate with primary tumor size but not nodal status","volume":"29","author":"Gupta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Investig."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1093","article-title":"Specific recruitment of regulatory T cells in ovarian carcinoma fosters immune privilege and predicts reduced survival","volume":"10","author":"Curiel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr1746","article-title":"Inflammation and breast cancer. Balancing immune response: Crosstalk between adaptive and innate immune cells during breast cancer progression","volume":"9","author":"DeNardo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241165","article-title":"The microbial metabolites, short chain fatty acids, regulate colonic Treg cell homeostasis","volume":"341","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00605","article-title":"Regulatory T Cell and Forkhead Box Protein 3 as Modulators of Immune Homeostasis","volume":"8","author":"Pereira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0209-8","article-title":"Gut microbiota in colorectal cancer: Mechanisms of action and clinical applications","volume":"16","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastro. Hepat."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12721","article-title":"Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells","volume":"504","author":"Furusawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07205","article-title":"Cancer-related inflammation","volume":"454","author":"Mantovani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2015.04.011","article-title":"The Tumor Macroenvironment: Cancer-Promoting Networks Beyond Tumor Beds","volume":"128","author":"Rutkowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, D.V.T., Lima-J\u00fanior, R.C.P., Carvalho, C.B.M., Borges, V.F., Wanderley, C.W.S., Bem, A.X.C., Leite, C.A.V.G., Teixeira, M.A., Batista, G.L.P., and Silva, R.L. (2015). The Adaptor Protein Myd88 Is a Key Signaling Molecule in the Pathogenesis of Irinotecan-Induced Intestinal Mucositis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139985"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"21","article-title":"A biological approach to mucositis","volume":"2","author":"Sonis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Support Oncol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.4137\/CGM.S24314","article-title":"Pattern Recognition Receptors in Cancer Progression and Metastasis","volume":"8","author":"Pandey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Growth Metastasis"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2014.07.035","article-title":"TLRs: Linking inflammation and breast cancer","volume":"26","author":"Bhatelia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8977","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.19.8977","article-title":"ApcMin, a mutation in the murine Apc gene, predisposes to mammary carcinomas and focal alveolar hyperplasias","volume":"90","author":"Moser","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7395","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-0558","article-title":"Innate immune inflammatory response against enteric bacteria Helicobacter hepaticus induces mammary adenocarcinoma in mice","volume":"66","author":"Rao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-3445","article-title":"Proinflammatory CD4+ CD45RB (hi) lymphocytes promote mammary and intestinal carcinogenesis in Apc(Min\/+) mice","volume":"66","author":"Rao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Miranovitz, J., and Niller, H. (2012). Aberrant epigenetic regulation in breast cancer. Patho-Epigenetics of Disease, Springer."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5010234","article-title":"Diet-microbiota interactions and their implications for healthy living","volume":"5","author":"Jeffery","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1868-7083-4-4","article-title":"The epigenetic effects of butyrate: Potential therapeutic implications for clinical practice","volume":"4","author":"Canani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-015-0144-7","article-title":"Influences of diet and the gut microbiome on epigenetic modulation in cancer and other diseases","volume":"7","author":"Paul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenet."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-008-9661-9","article-title":"Cancer is a preventable disease that requires major lifestyle changes","volume":"25","author":"Anand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leeming, E.R., Johnson, A.J., Spector, T.D., and Le Roy, C.I. (2019). Effect of Diet on the Gut Microbiota: Rethinking Intervention Duration. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122862"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klement, R.J., and Pazienza, V. (2019). Impact of Different Types of Diet on Gut Microbiota Profiles and Cancer Prevention and Treatment. Medicina, 55.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55040084"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7042589","article-title":"Inflammaging and Cancer: A challenge for the mediterranean diet","volume":"7","author":"Ostan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cky113","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and health outcomes: A systematic meta-review","volume":"28","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.08.078","article-title":"Consumption of Mediterranean versus Western Diet Leads to Distinct Mammary Gland Microbiome Populations","volume":"25","author":"Shively","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.110749","article-title":"Gut microbiota composition after diet and probiotics in overweight breast cancer survivors: A randomized open-label pilot intervention trial","volume":"74","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00454","article-title":"How Probiotics Affect the Microbiota","volume":"9","author":"Belkhir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terpou, A., Papadaki, A., Lappa, I.K., Kachrimanidou, V., Bosnea, L.A., and Kopsahelis, N. (2019). Probiotics in Food Systems: Significance and Emerging Strategies Towards Improved Viability and Delivery of Enhanced Beneficial Value. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071591"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2005.05.024","article-title":"Effects of milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus R389 on immune cells associated to mammary glands in normal and a breast cancer model","volume":"210","author":"Matar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510000516","article-title":"Oral administration of Lactobacillus acidophilus induces IL-12 production in spleen cell culture of","volume":"104","author":"Yazdi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28702","article-title":"Beneficial bacteria stimulate host immune cells to counteract dietary and genetic predisposition to mammary cancer in mice","volume":"135","author":"Lakritz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"4969","article-title":"Preventive effects of probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum and dietary fiber in chemically-induced mammary carcinogenesis","volume":"34","author":"Bobrov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"e17354","article-title":"Th1 Cytokine Production Induced by Lactobacillus acidophilus in BALB\/c Mice Bearing Transplanted Breast Tumor","volume":"8","author":"Yazdi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jundishapur J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-015-9978-8","article-title":"Anti-breast cancer effects of live, heat-killed and cytoplasmic fractions of Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus hominis isolated from human breast milk","volume":"52","author":"Hassan","year":"2016","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Anim."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP53","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735416642862","article-title":"The Antimetastatic and Antiangiogenesis Effects of Kefir Water on Murine Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"15","author":"Zamberi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Integr. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2013.08.013","article-title":"Gastrointestinal cancers: Influence of gut microbiota, probiotics and prebiotics","volume":"345","author":"Serban","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"125","article-title":"Benefits of using probiotics as adjuvants in anticancer therapy (Review)","volume":"1","author":"Vivarelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Acad. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.2174\/15734013113099990001","article-title":"Probiotic Beverage with Soy Isoflavone Consumption for Breast Cancer Prevention: A Case-Control Study","volume":"9","author":"Toi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davani-Davari, D., Negahdaripour, M., Karimzadeh, I., Seifan, M., Mohkam, M., Masoumi, S.J., Berenjian, A., and Ghasemi, Y. (2019). Prebiotics: Definition, Types, Sources, Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications. Foods, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8030092"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12208","article-title":"Meta-Analytic Approaches for Multistressor Dose-Response Function Development: Strengths, Limitations, and Case Studies","volume":"35","author":"Levy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80980","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.13140","article-title":"Dietary fibre intake and risk of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23060","article-title":"Dietary fiber intake and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer defined by estrogen and progesterone receptor status-a prospective cohort study among Swedish women","volume":"122","author":"Suzuki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zengul, A.G., Demark-Wahnefried, W., Barnes, S., Morrow, C.D., Bertrand, B., Berryhil, T.F., and Frug\u00e9, A.D. (2020). Associations between Dietary Fiber, the Fecal Microbiota and Estrogen Metabolism in Postmenopausal Women with Breast Cancer. Nutr. Cancer., 1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2020.1784444"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1039\/c1fo10114e","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of isothiocyanates in cancer chemoprevention: An update","volume":"2","author":"Navarro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"S401","article-title":"Phytoestrogens and the intestinal microbiome","volume":"67","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s43450-020-00049-x","article-title":"Gut Microbiota and the Metabolism of Phytoestrogens","volume":"30","author":"Stojanov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Farmacogn."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0171390","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171390","article-title":"Differential and directional estrogenic signaling pathways induced by enterolignans and their precursors","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.26157","article-title":"Serum enterolactone and postmenopausal breast cancer risk by estrogen, progesterone and herceptin 2 receptor status","volume":"130","author":"Zaineddin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgr256","article-title":"Lignan transformation by gut bacteria lowers tumor burden in a gnotobiotic rat model of breast cancer","volume":"33","author":"Mabrok","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-07-0245","article-title":"Dietary flavonoid intake and breast cancer survival among women on Long Island","volume":"16","author":"Fink","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-004-6019-9","article-title":"Soyfood intake and breast cancer survival: A followup of the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study","volume":"92","author":"Boyapati","year":"2005","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2008.05.019","article-title":"Do phytoestrogens reduce the risk of breast cancer and breast cancer recurrence? What clinicians need to know","volume":"44","author":"Velentzis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2013.03.018","article-title":"The DietCompLyf study: A prospective cohort study of breast cancer survival and phytoestrogen consumption","volume":"75","author":"Swann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.06.0244","article-title":"Plasma phytoestrogens and subsequent breast cancer risk","volume":"25","author":"Verheus","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-14-0501","article-title":"A gnotobiotic mouse model demonstrates that dietary fiber protects against colorectal tumorigenesis in a microbiota- and butyrate-dependent manner","volume":"4","author":"Donohoe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-017-0593-4","article-title":"Sodium butyrate promotes apoptosis in breast cancer cells through reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and mitochondrial impairment","volume":"16","author":"Salimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S.J., and Kim, J.S. (2011). The effect of combined therapy with 5-aza-2\u2032-deoxycylidine, sodium butyrate, and tamoxifen on apoptosis of breast cancer cell lines. J. Clin. Oncol., 29.","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2011.29.27_suppl.197"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3109\/01913123.2016.1170083","article-title":"Sodium butyrate-induced apoptosis and ultrastructural changes in MCF-7 breast cancer cells","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ultrastruct. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2244(02)00020-1","article-title":"Development of functional ingredients for gut health","volume":"13","author":"Aura","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, M., Arora, I., Stoll, M.L., Li, Y., Morrow, C.D., Barnes, S., Berryhill, T.F., Li, S., and Tollefsbol, T.O. (2020). Nutritional combinatorial impact on the gut microbiota and plasma short-chain fatty acids levels in the prevention of mammary cancer in Her2\/neu estrogen receptor-negative transgenic mice. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.08.139865"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.2174\/156652412798889063","article-title":"Anti-cancer activities of tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate in breast cancer patients under radiotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheng, J., Shi, W., Guo, H., Long, W., Wang, Y., Qi, J., Liu, J., and Xu, Y. (2019). The Inhibitory Effect of (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate on Breast Cancer Progression via Reducing SCUBE2 Methylation and DNMT Activity. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24162899"},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"e185","article-title":"Microbiota and cancer therapy","volume":"1","author":"Kupcinskas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.05.071","article-title":"Antibiotics-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis promotes tumor initiation via affecting APC-Th1 development in mice","volume":"488","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-17-1134","article-title":"The Pancreatic Cancer Microbiome Promotes Oncogenesis by Induction of Innate and Adaptive Immune Suppression","volume":"8","author":"Pushalkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.7.827","article-title":"Antibiotic use in relation to the risk of breast cancer","volume":"291","author":"Velicer","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105072","article-title":"Antibiotic use and the risk of breast cancer: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"160","author":"Simin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-019-05407-5","article-title":"The microbiome and breast cancer: A review","volume":"178","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1240527","article-title":"Commensal bacteria control cancer response to therapy by modulating the tumor microenvironment","volume":"342","author":"Iida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan4236","article-title":"Gut microbiome modulates response to anti PD-1 immunotherapy in melanoma patients","volume":"359","author":"Gopalakrishnan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-4749-4-16","article-title":"Gut Pharmacomicrobiomics: The tip of an iceberg of complex interactions between drugs and gut-associated microbes","volume":"4","author":"Saad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2014.56","article-title":"Gut microbiome and anticancer immune response: Really hot Sh*t!","volume":"22","author":"Viaud","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2013.06.006","article-title":"The changes induced by cyclophosphamide in intestinal barrier and microflora in mice","volume":"714","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2014.06.017","article-title":"Probiotic Lactobacillus strains protect against myelosuppression and immunosuppression in cyclophosphamide-treated mice","volume":"22","author":"Salva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2012.08.011","article-title":"Bacterial inactivation of the anticancer drug doxorubicin","volume":"19","author":"Westman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1240537","article-title":"The intestinal microbiota modulates the anticancer immune effects of cyclophosphamide","volume":"342","author":"Viaud","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.20","article-title":"Gut microbiota modulation of chemotherapy efficacy and toxicity","volume":"14","author":"Alexander","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.09.009","article-title":"Enterococcus hirae and Barnesiella intestinihominis Facilitate Cyclophosphamide-Induced Therapeutic Immunomodulatory Effects","volume":"45","author":"Waldschmitt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6293","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-012-4435-z","article-title":"Target-oriented discovery of a new esterase-producing strain Enterobacter sp. ECU1107 for whole cell-catalyzed production of (2S,3R)-3-phenylglycidate as a chiral synthon of Taxol","volume":"97","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.7.2950-2958.1997","article-title":"Invasion of cultured human epithelial cells by Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from the urinary tract","volume":"65","author":"Oelschlaeger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2016.0196","article-title":"From Breast Cancer to Antimicrobial: Combating Extremely Resistant Gram-Negative \u201cSuperbugs\u201d Using Novel Combinations of Polymyxin B with Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators","volume":"23","author":"Hussein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01846-16","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01846-16","article-title":"Repurposing Toremifene for Treatment of Oral Bacterial Infections","volume":"61","author":"Gerits","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01640-12","article-title":"Adenylate kinase release as a high-throughput-screening-compatible reporter of bacterial lysis for identification of antibacterial agents","volume":"57","author":"Jacobs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-2333(01)00024-8","article-title":"Toxic effects of tamoxifen on the growth and respiratory activity of Bacillus stearothermophilus","volume":"15","author":"Luxo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5645","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.10.5645","article-title":"Heat shock protein 90 mediates macrophage activation by Taxol and bacterial lipopolysaccharide","volume":"96","author":"Byrd","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-018-0006-2","article-title":"The gut microbiota influences anticancer immunosurveillance and general health","volume":"15","author":"Routy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Vliet, M.J., Harmsen, H.J., de Bont, E.S., and Tissing, W.J. (2010). The role of intestinal microbiota in the development and severity of chemotherapy-induced mucositis. PLoS Pathog., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000879"}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/12\/9\/2465\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:05:01Z","timestamp":1760177101000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/12\/9\/2465"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]]},"references-count":146,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers12092465"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers12092465","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]]}}}