{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:13:38Z","timestamp":1787314418335,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]],"date-time":"2020-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research &lt;KAKENHI&gt;","award":["18K07147, 18K07148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18K07147, 18K07148"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV) is a human oncogenic virus that causes several types of tumor, such as Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). NPC tumor cells are clonal expansions of latently EBV-infected epithelial cells. However, the mechanisms by which EBV transforms the nasopharyngeal epithelium is hampered, because of the lack of good in vitro model to pursue oncogenic process. Our primary nasopharyngeal epithelial cell cultures developed pseudostratified epithelium at the air-liquid interface, which was susceptible to EBV infection. Using the highly sensitive RNA in situ hybridization technique, we detected viral infection in diverse cell types, including ciliated cells, goblet cells, and basal cells. EBV-encoded small RNA-positive cells were more frequently detected in the suprabasal layer than in the basal layer. We established the most physiologically relevant EBV infection model of nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. This model will advance our understanding of EBV pathogenesis in the development of NPC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12092722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]],"date-time":"2020-09-24T02:56:43Z","timestamp":1600916203000},"page":"2722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Epstein\u2013Barr Virus Infection of Pseudostratified Nasopharyngeal Epithelium Disrupts Epithelial Integrity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2715-4790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fenggang","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore"},{"name":"Institute of Life Science, Yinfeng Biological Group, Jinan 250000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2506-1515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"Uchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo, Shimane 693-8504, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Utomo Andi","family":"Pangnguriseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo, Shimane 693-8504, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy Visi","family":"Kartika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo, Shimane 693-8504, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Pathology Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Muslim Indonesia, Jl. Urip Sumoharjo KM.5, Makassar, Sulawesi 90231, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9202-2666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hisashi","family":"Iizasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo, Shimane 693-8504, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7588-278X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hironori","family":"Yoshiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo, Shimane 693-8504, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwok Seng","family":"Loh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore 119228, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0602-594","article-title":"Alternate replication in B cells and epithelial cells switches tropism of Epstein-Barr virus","volume":"8","author":"Borza","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. 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