{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T19:52:29Z","timestamp":1792266749229,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]],"date-time":"2020-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a B-cell malignancy representing approximately one in ten lymphomas diagnosed in the United States annually. The majority of patients with HL can be cured with chemotherapy; however, 5\u201310% will have refractory disease to front-line therapy and 10\u201330% will relapse. For those with relapsed or refractory (r\/r) HL, salvage chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) is standard of care, but half of patients will subsequently have disease progression. Relapse following ASCT has been associated with exceedingly poor prognosis with a median survival of only 26 months. However, in recent years, novel agents including brentuximab vedotin (BV) and programmed cell death protein 1 monoclonal antibodies (anti-PD-1, nivolumab and pembrolizumab) have been shown to extend overall survival in r\/r HL. With the success of novel agents in relapsed disease after ASCT, these therapies are beginning to show clinically meaningful response rates prior to ASCT. Finally, a new investigation in r\/r HL continues to produce promising treatment options even after ASCT including CD30 directed chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. In this review, we will discuss the recent advances of BV and anti-PD-1 therapy prior to ASCT, novel approaches in r\/r HL after ASCT, and review active clinical trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12102887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]],"date-time":"2020-10-08T10:22:25Z","timestamp":1602152545000},"page":"2887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Therapeutic Updates for Relapsed and Refractory Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7603-6454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy J","family":"Voorhees","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne W","family":"Beaven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21442","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2018","volume":"68","author":"Siegel","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/725219","article-title":"Incidence Patterns and Outcomes for Hodgkin Lymphoma Patients in the United States","volume":"2011","author":"Shenoy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3462","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-13-0855","article-title":"PD-L1 expression is characteristic of a subset of aggressive B-cell lymphomas and virus-associated malignancies","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25071","article-title":"Hodgkin lymphoma: 2018 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management","volume":"93","author":"Ansell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-09-772681","article-title":"Management of relapsed\/refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma in transplant-ineligible patients","volume":"131","author":"Bartlett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.24792","article-title":"Outcomes of patients with relapsed\/refractory Hodgkin lymphoma progressing after autologous stem cell transplant in the current era of novel therapeutics: A retrospective analysis","volume":"92","author":"Bair","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)92411-L","article-title":"Dose intensification with autologous bone-marrow transplantation in relapsed and resistant Hodgkin\u2019s disease: Results of a BNLI randomised trial","volume":"341","author":"Linch","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08938-9","article-title":"Aggressive conventional chemotherapy compared with high-dose chemotherapy with autologous haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation for relapsed chemosensitive Hodgkin\u2019s disease: A randomised trial","volume":"359","author":"Schmitz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1700838","article-title":"Prognostic factors for survival after high-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation for patients with relapsing Hodgkin\u2019s disease: Analysis of 280 patients from the French registry","volume":"20","author":"Brice","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V97.3.616","article-title":"A 2-step comprehensive high-dose chemoradiotherapy second-line program for relapsed and refractory Hodgkin disease: Analysis by intent to treat and development of a prognostic model","volume":"97","author":"Moskowitz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2009.08037.x","article-title":"High-Dose Chemo-Radiotherapy for Relapsed or Refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma and the Significance of Pre-transplant Functional Imaging","volume":"148","author":"Moskowitz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"221","article-title":"New Prognostic Score Based on Treatment Outcome of Patients With Relapsed Hodgkin\u2019s Lymphoma Registered in the Database of the German Hodgkin\u2019s Lymphoma Study Group","volume":"13","author":"Josting","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdi119","article-title":"Prognostic factors affecting long-term outcome after stem cell transplantation in Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma autografted after a first relapse","volume":"16","author":"Sureda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/S1083-8791(03)00205-2","article-title":"The value of augmented preparative regimens combined with an autologous bone marrow transplant for the management of relapsed or refractory hodgkin disease: A southwest oncology group phase II trial","volume":"9","author":"Stiff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"98","article-title":"High-dose cyclophosphamide, carmustine, and etoposide with autologous transplantation in Hodgkin\u2019s disease: A prognostic model for treatment outcomes","volume":"3","author":"Wheeler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transpl."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2003.04828.x","article-title":"Effectiveness of high dose chemoradiotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation for patients with biopsy-proven primary refractory Hodgkin\u2019s disease","volume":"124","author":"Moskowitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdn052","article-title":"Long-term outcome of autologous stem-cell transplantation in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma","volume":"19","author":"Sirohi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdf221","article-title":"Time-intensified dexamethasone\/cisplatin\/cytarabine:an effective salvage therapy with low toxicity in patients with relapsed and refractory Hodgkin\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Josting","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1080\/07357900701788098","article-title":"Comparison of ICE (Ifosfamide-Carboplatin-Etoposide) Versus DHAP (Cytosine Arabinoside-Cisplatin-Dexamethasone) as Salvage Chemotherapy in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Lymphoma","volume":"26","author":"Zengin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Investig."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdm090","article-title":"Gemcitabine, vinorelbine, and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (GVD), a salvage regimen in relapsed Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma: CALGB 59804","volume":"18","author":"Bartlett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.10661","article-title":"Ifosfamide, gemcitabine, and vinorelbine: A new induction regimen for refractory and relapsed Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma","volume":"92","author":"Santoro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-014-2114-0","article-title":"ESHAP as salvage therapy for relapsed or refractory Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma","volume":"93","author":"Labrador","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3293","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.66.4466","article-title":"Bendamustine in Combination with Gemcitabine and Vinorelbine is an Effective Regimen as Induction Chemotherapy Before Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation for Relapsed or Refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma: Final Results of a Multicenter Phase II Study","volume":"34","author":"Santoro","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019000984","article-title":"Five-year results of the BEGEV salvage regimen in relapsed\/refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"4","author":"Santoro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)70013-6","article-title":"PET-adapted sequential salvage therapy with brentuximab vedotin followed by augmented ifosamide, carboplatin, and etoposide for patients with relapsed and refractory Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma: A non-randomised, open-label, single-centre, phase 2 study","volume":"16","author":"Moskowitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-129364","article-title":"Long-Term Follow-up Confirms Durability of Single-Agent Brentuximab Vedotin as Pre-Transplant Salvage for Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma","volume":"134","author":"Moskowitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2923","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-99-112235","article-title":"Combining Brentuximab Vedotin with DHAP as Salvage Treatment in Relapsed\/Refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma: The Phase II HOVON\/LLPC Transplant BRaVE study","volume":"132","author":"Hagenbeek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-123925","article-title":"Brentuximab Vedotin in First Refractory\/Relapsed Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma Patients Treated By Chemotherapy (ICE) before Autologous Transplantation. Final Analysis of Phase II Study","volume":"134","author":"Stamatoullas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30912-9","article-title":"Brentuximab vedotin plus bendamustine in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma: An international, multicentre, single-arm, phase 1\u20132 trial","volume":"19","author":"Lue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-123162","article-title":"PET-Adapted Nivolumab or Nivolumab Plus ICE As First Salvage Therapy in Relapsed or Refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma","volume":"134","author":"Herrera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2837","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-127575","article-title":"High Complete Response Rate Observed with Second-Line Chemo-Immunotherapy with Pembrolizumab and GVD (Gemcitabine, Vinorelbine, and Liposomal Doxorubicin) in Relapsed and Refractory Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma","volume":"134","author":"Moskowitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-10-811224","article-title":"Interim results of brentuximab vedotin in combination with nivolumab in patients with relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"131","author":"Herrera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-122576","article-title":"Brentuximab Vedotin and Nivolumab for Relapsed or Refractory Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma: Long-Term Follow-up Results from the Single-Arm Phase 1\/2 Study","volume":"134","author":"Moskowitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moskowitz, A.J., Herrera, A.F., and Beaven, A.W. (2019). Relapsed and Refractory Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma: Keeping Pace with Novel Agents and New Options for Salvage Therapy. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. Educ. Book, 477\u2013486.","DOI":"10.1200\/EDBK_238799"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e660","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(20)30221-0","article-title":"Ipilimumab, nivolumab, and brentuximab vedotin combination therapies in patients with relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma: Phase 1 results of an open-label, multicentre, phase 1\/2 trial","volume":"7","author":"Diefenbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-99-115390","article-title":"A Phase I Study with an Expansion Cohort of the Combinations of Ipilimumab, Nivolumab and Brentuximab Vedotin in Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Trial of the ECOG-ACRIN Research Group (E4412: Arms G-I)","volume":"132","author":"Diefenbach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60165-9","article-title":"Brentuximab vedotin as consolidation therapy after autologous stem-cell transplantation in patients with Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma at risk of relapse or progression (AETHERA): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"385","author":"Moskowitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-07-861641","article-title":"Five-year PFS from the AETHERA trial of brentuximab vedotin for Hodgkin lymphoma at high risk of progression or relapse","volume":"132","author":"Moskowitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.6278","article-title":"Maintenance therapies for Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas after autologous transplantation: A consensus project of ASBMT, CIBMTR and LWP-EBMT","volume":"5","author":"Kanate","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.38.0410","article-title":"Results of a Pivotal Phase II Study of Brentuximab Vedotin for Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Hodgkin\u2019s Lymphoma","volume":"30","author":"Younes","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-02-699850","article-title":"Five-year survival and durability results of brentuximab vedotin in patients with relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"128","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411087","article-title":"PD-1 Blockade with Nivolumab in Relapsed or Refractory Hodgkin\u2019s Lymphoma","volume":"372","author":"Ansell","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(16)30167-X","article-title":"Nivolumab for classical Hodgkin lymphoma after autologous stem-cell transplantation and brentuximab vedotin failure: A prospective phase 2 multi-cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Younes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.76.0793","article-title":"Nivolumab for Relapsed\/Refractory Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma After Failure of Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: Extended Follow-Up of the Multicohort Single-Arm Phase II Check Mate 205 Trial","volume":"36","author":"Armand","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3733","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.67.3467","article-title":"Programmed Death-1 Blockade with Pembrolizumab in Patients with Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma After Brentuximab Vedotin Failure","volume":"34","author":"Armand","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.72.1316","article-title":"Phase II Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Pembrolizumab for Relapsed\/Refractory Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-127280","article-title":"Three-Year Follow-up of Keynote-087: Pembrolizumab Monotherapy in Relapsed\/Refractory Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma","volume":"134","author":"Zinzani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8005","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2020.38.15_suppl.8005","article-title":"KEYNOTE-204: Randomized, open-label, phase III study of pembrolizumab (pembro) versus brentuximab vedotin (BV) in relapsed or refractory classic Hodgkin lymphoma (R\/R cHL)","volume":"38","author":"Kuruvilla","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2013.54.8800","article-title":"Recommendations for Initial Evaluation, Staging, and Response Assessment of Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: The Lugano Classification","volume":"32","author":"Cheson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-05-718528","article-title":"Refinement of the Lugano Classification lymphoma response criteria in the era of immunomodulatory therapy","volume":"128","author":"Cheson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-8722-7-24","article-title":"Retreatment with brentuximab vedotin in patients with CD30-positive hematologic malignancies","volume":"7","author":"Bartlett","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-122171","article-title":"Risk of Relapse after Anti-PD1 Discontinuation and Efficacy of Anti-PD1 Re-Treatment in Patients with Hodgkin Lymphoma","volume":"134","author":"Manson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.45.3308","article-title":"Phase II Study of Bendamustine in Relapsed and Refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma","volume":"31","author":"Moskowitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15585","article-title":"Bendamustine with rituximab, etoposide and carboplatin (T(R)EC) in relapsed or refractory aggressive lymphoma: A prospective multicentre phase 1\/2 clinical trial","volume":"183","author":"Budde","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S70264","article-title":"Gemcitabine and oxaliplatinum: An effective regimen in patients with refractory and relapsing Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"7","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2014","journal-title":"OncoTargets Ther."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2010.491137","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Gemcitabine (G), Carboplatin (C), Dexamethasone (D), and Rituximab (R) in Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory Lymphoma: A Prospective Multi-center Phase II Study of by the Puget Sound Oncology Consortium (PSOC)","volume":"51","author":"Gopal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.21664","article-title":"A Phase II Trial of The Oral Mtor Inhibitor Everolimus in Relapsed Hodgkin Lymphoma","volume":"85","author":"Johnston","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V120.21.2740.2740","article-title":"Everolimus for Relapsed\/Refractory Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma: Multicenter, Open-Label, Single-Arm, Phase 2 Study","volume":"120","author":"Johnston","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5119","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-07-362475","article-title":"A phase 2 multicenter study of lenalidomide in relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"118","author":"Fehniger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1993.11.12.2342","article-title":"Allogeneic, syngeneic, and autologous marrow transplantation for Hodgkin\u2019s disease: The 21-year Seattle experience","volume":"11","author":"Anderson","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.13.2415","article-title":"Reduced-Intensity Conditioning Compared with Conventional Allogeneic Stem-Cell Transplantation in Relapsed or Refractory Hodgkin\u2019s Lymphoma: An Analysis From the Lymphoma Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation","volume":"26","author":"Sureda","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.13441","article-title":"Reduced intensity conditioning allogeneic stem cell transplantation for Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma: Identification of prognostic factors predicting outcome","volume":"94","author":"Robinson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2015.332","article-title":"Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in Hodgkin lymphoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Rashidi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transpl."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-11-749556","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of nivolumab after allogeneic transplantation for relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"129","author":"Herbaux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-01-761346","article-title":"PD-1 blockade for relapsed lymphoma post\u2013allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant: High response rate but frequent GVHD","volume":"130","author":"Haverkos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-09-738385","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant after PD-1 blockade in relapsed\/refractory lymphoma","volume":"129","author":"Merryman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019001336","article-title":"Checkpoint inhibition before haploidentical transplantation with posttransplant cyclophosphamide in Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"4","author":"Bramanti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3462","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI94306","article-title":"Clinical and immunological responses after CD30-specific chimeric antigen receptor\u2013redirected lymphocytes","volume":"127","author":"Ramos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos, C.A., Grover, N.S., Beaven, A.W., Lulla, P.D., Wu, M.-F., Ivanova, A., Wang, T., Shea, T.C., Rooney, C.M., and Dittus, C. (2020). Anti-CD30 CAR-T Cell Therapy in Relapsed and Refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol.","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.01342"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3233","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-122846","article-title":"Retrospective Cohort Study Analyzing the Safety and Efficacy of Anti-PD-1 Therapy Following CD30 CAR-T Cell Therapy in Relapsed\/Refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma","volume":"134","author":"Voorhees","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)65424-7","article-title":"High Expression of the CC Chemokine TARC in Reed-Sternberg Cells","volume":"154","author":"Visser","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2016.151","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"27","author":"Tanaka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6392","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-03-209650","article-title":"T lymphocytes coexpressing CCR4 and a chimeric antigen receptor targeting CD30 have improved homing and antitumor activity in a Hodgkin tumor model","volume":"113","author":"Rooney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4024","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-12-614636","article-title":"A phase 1 study of the bispecific anti-CD30\/CD16A antibody construct AFM13 in patients with relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"125","author":"Rothe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-99-118506","article-title":"A Phase 1b Study Investigating the Combination of the Tetravalent Bispecific NK Cell Engager AFM13 and Pembrolizumab in Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma after Brentuximab Vedotin Failure: Updated Safety and Efficacy Data","volume":"132","author":"Bartlett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.38.1350","article-title":"Panobinostat in Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory Hodgkin\u2019s Lymphoma After Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation: Results of a Phase II Study","volume":"8","author":"Younes","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.18.02151","article-title":"Addition of Low-Dose Decitabine to Anti-PD-1 Antibody Camrelizumab in Relapsed\/Refractory Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma","volume":"37","author":"Nie","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-014-1698-z","article-title":"Bruton\u2019s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a useful marker for Hodgkin and B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"466","author":"Marafioti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1505857","article-title":"Ibrutinib in Refractory Classic Hodgkin\u2019s Lymphoma","volume":"373","author":"Hamadani","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/12\/10\/2887\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:17:29Z","timestamp":1760177849000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/12\/10\/2887"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers12102887"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers12102887","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]]}}}