{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:48:41Z","timestamp":1791388121308,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]],"date-time":"2020-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ruxolitinib (RUX), a JAK1\/JAK2 inhibitor, is approved for second-line therapy in patients with polycythemia vera (PV) who are resistant or intolerant to hydroxyurea. Due to the immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive effect of RUX, there is an increased susceptibility to infections. However, an increased risk of infection is inherent to even untreated myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). To obtain more information on the clinical significance of RUX-associated infections in PV, we reviewed the available literature. There is no evidence-based approach to managing infection risks. Most data on RUX-associated infections are available for MF. In all studies, the infection rates in the RUX and control groups were fairly similar, with the exception of infections with the varicella zoster virus (VZV). However, individual cases of bilateral toxoplasmosis retinitis, disseminated molluscum contagiosum, or a mycobacterium tuberculosis infection or a hepatitis B reactivation are reported. A careful assessment of the risk of infection for PV patients is required at the initial presentation and before the start of RUX. Screening for hepatitis B is recommended in all patients. The risk of RUX-associated infections is lower with PV than with MF, but compared to a normal population there is an increased risk of VZV infection. However, primary VZV prophylaxis for PV patients is not recommended, while secondary prophylaxis can be considered individually. As early treatment is most effective for VZV, patients should be properly informed and trained to seek medical advice immediately if cutaneous signs of VZV develop. Vaccination against influenza, herpes zoster, and pneumococci should be considered in all PV patients at risk of infection, especially if RUX treatment is planned. Current recommendations do not support adjusting or discontinuing JAK inhibition in MPN patients to reduce the risk of COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12113132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T21:21:00Z","timestamp":1604006460000},"page":"3132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Ruxolitinib-Associated Infections in Polycythemia Vera: Review of the Literature, Clinical Significance, and Recommendations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Parvis","family":"Sadjadian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic for Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Palliative Care Johannes Wesling Medical Center Minden, UKRUB, University of Bochum, Hans-Nolte-Stra\u00dfe 1, D-32429 Minden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7682-8563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Wille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic for Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Palliative Care Johannes Wesling Medical Center Minden, UKRUB, University of Bochum, Hans-Nolte-Stra\u00dfe 1, D-32429 Minden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Griesshammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic for Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Palliative Care Johannes Wesling Medical Center Minden, UKRUB, University of Bochum, Hans-Nolte-Stra\u00dfe 1, D-32429 Minden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2288","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.57.6652","article-title":"Risk and cause of death in patients diagnosed with myeloproliferative neoplasms in Sweden between 1973 and 2005: A population-based study","volume":"33","author":"Hultcrantz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landtblom, A.R., Andersson, T.M.L., Dickman, P.W., Smedby, K.E., Eloranta, S., Batyrbekova, N., Samuelsson, J., Bj\u00f6rkholm, M., and Hultcrantz, M. (2020). Risk of Infections in Patients with Myeloproliferative Neoplasms-A Population-Based Cohort Study of 8363 Patients. Leukemia.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-0909-7"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-0890-1","article-title":"Frequency of infections in 948 MPN patients: A prospective multicenter patient-reported pilot study","volume":"34","author":"Crodel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-015-2357-4","article-title":"Current and future treatment options for polycythemia vera","volume":"94","author":"Griesshammer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-018-0077-1","article-title":"Philadelphia chromosome-negative classical myeloproliferative neoplasms: Revised management recommendations from European LeukemiaNet","volume":"32","author":"Barbui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2017.1404574","article-title":"The BCR-ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms: A review of JAK inhibitors in the therapeutic armamentarium","volume":"18","author":"Griesshammer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-04-742288","article-title":"JAK2 inhibitors for myeloproliferative neoplasms: What is next?","volume":"130","author":"Bose","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1110557","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ruxolitinib for myelofibrosis","volume":"366","author":"Verstovsek","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1110556","article-title":"JAK inhibition with ruxolitinib versus best available therapy for myelofibrosis","volume":"366","author":"Harrison","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1409002","article-title":"Ruxolitinib versus standard therapy for the treatment of polycythaemia vera","volume":"372","author":"Vannucchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(16)30558-7","article-title":"Ruxolitinib for the treatment of inadequately controlled polycythaemia vera without splenomegaly (RESPONSE-2): A randomised, open-label, phase 3b study","volume":"18","author":"Passamonti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.14382","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of continued hydroxycarbamide therapy versus switching to ruxolitinib in patients with polycythaemia vera: A randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, symptom study (RELIEF)","volume":"176","author":"Mesa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"S1607","article-title":"Molecular analysis in MAJIC-PV correlation with clinical endpoints","volume":"267361","author":"Baxter","year":"2019","journal-title":"EHA Libr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2009.08019.x","article-title":"A unified definition of clinical resistance and intolerance to hydroxycarbamide in polycythaemia vera and primary myelofibrosis: Results of a european LeukemiaNet (ELN) consensus process","volume":"148","author":"Barosi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Leonard, W.J. (1997). Type I cytokines and interferons. Fundamental Immunology, Lippincott Raven. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1995.tb00095.x","article-title":"Role of the common cytokine receptor gamma chain in cytokine signaling and lymphoid development","volume":"148","author":"Leonard","year":"1995","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00754.x","article-title":"Janus kinases in immune cell signalling","volume":"228","author":"Ghoreschi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1007\/s11899-015-0284-z","article-title":"Immunological Consequences of JAK Inhibition: Friend or Foe?","volume":"10","author":"McLornan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Hematol. Malig. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.13373","article-title":"JAK1\/2 inhibition impairs T cell function in vitro and in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms","volume":"169","author":"Parampalli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.01186","article-title":"Mechanisms Underlying the Anti-inflammatory and Immunosuppressive Activity of Ruxolitinib","volume":"9","author":"Elli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-03-484642","article-title":"The JAK-inhibitor ruxolitinib impairs dendritic cell function in vitro and in vivo","volume":"122","author":"Heine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2016.155","article-title":"The JAK inhibitor ruxolitinib impairs dendritic cell migration via off-target inhibition of ROCK","volume":"30","author":"Rudolph","year":"2016","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-14-3198","article-title":"JAK inhibition impairs NK cell function in myeloproliferative neoplasms","volume":"75","author":"Rudolph","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2013.296","article-title":"Rapid and long-lasting decrease of T-regulatory cells in patients with myelofibrosis treated with ruxolitinib","volume":"28","author":"Massa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"60","article-title":"JAK inhibition induces silencing of T helper cytokine secretion and a profound reduction in T regulatory cells","volume":"171","author":"Keohane","year":"2015","journal-title":"BJM"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1917635","article-title":"Ruxolitinib for glucocorticoid-refractory acute graft versus-host disease","volume":"382","author":"Zeiser","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vannucchi, A.M., Sordi, B., Morettini, A., Nozzoli, C., Poggesi, L., Pieralli, F., Bartoloni, A., Atanasio, A., Miselli, F., and Paoli, C. (2020). Compassionate use of JAk1\/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib for severe COVID-19: A prospective observational trial. Leukemia, 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-01018-y"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2014.115840","article-title":"Efficacy, safety, and survival with ruxolitinib in patients with myelofibrosis: Results of a median 3-year follow-up of COMFORT-I","volume":"100","author":"Verstovsek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2016.148","article-title":"Long-term findings from COMFORT-II, a phase 3 study of ruxolitinib vs. best available therapy for myelofibrosis","volume":"30","author":"Harrison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2016.143677","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of ruxolitinib in an open-label, multicenter, single-arm phase 3b expanded-access study in patients with myelofibrosis: A snapshot of 1144 patients in the JUMP trial","volume":"101","author":"Griesshammer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.24572","article-title":"Risk factors for infections in myelofibrosis: Role of disease status and treatment. A multicenter study of 507 patients","volume":"92","author":"Polverelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2016.143644","article-title":"Ruxolitinib versus best available therapy in patients with polycythemia vera: 80-week follow-up from the RESPONSE trial","volume":"101","author":"Verstovsek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e226","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(19)30207-8","article-title":"Long-term efficacy and safety of ruxolitinib versus best available therapy in polycythaemia vera (RESPONSE): 5-year follow up of a phase 3 study","volume":"7","author":"Kiladjian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-018-3365-y","article-title":"Ruxolitinib for the treatment of inadequately controlled polycythemia vera without splenomegaly: 80-week follow-up from the RESPONSE-2 trial","volume":"97","author":"Griesshammer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.24976","article-title":"Ruxolitinib-associated infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"93","author":"Lussana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2013.235","article-title":"Reactivation of hepatitis B virus infection following ruxolitinib treatment in a patient with myelofibrosis","volume":"28","author":"Caocci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-015-2532-7","article-title":"Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis associated with the long-term use of ruxolitinib","volume":"95","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2014.963082","article-title":"Pulmonary tuberculosis reactivation following ruxolitinib treatment in a patient with primary myelofibrosis","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colomba, C., Rubino, R., Siracusa, L., Lalicata, F., Trizzino, M., Titone, L., and Tolomeo, M. (2012). Disseminated tuberculosis in a patient treated with a JAK2 selective inhibitor: A case report. BMC Res. Notes, 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-5-552"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E74","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.24688","article-title":"Varicella-zoster virus meningoencephalitis in a patient treated with ruxolitinib","volume":"92","author":"Eyal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1302895","article-title":"Bilateral toxoplasmosis retinitis associated with ruxolitinib","volume":"369","author":"Goldberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2014.104","article-title":"Disseminated tuberculosis associated with ruxolitinib","volume":"28","author":"Hopman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leukemia."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"87","article-title":"Pulmonary cryptococcosis in a ruxolitinib-treated patient with primary myelofibrosis","volume":"22","author":"Hirano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V122.21.1596.1596","article-title":"Efficacy of ruxolitinib in Korean myelofibrosis patients and cases complicated TB lymphadenitis during the treatment","volume":"122","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.13404","article-title":"Case of disseminated molluscum contagiosum caused by ruxolitinib, a Janus kinase 1 and 2 inhibitor","volume":"43","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.55.5529","article-title":"Elevation of the Hepatitis B Virus DNA during the Treatment of Polycythemia Vera with the JAK Kinase Inhibitor Ruxolitinib","volume":"55","author":"Kirito","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"164","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia associated with Ruxolitinib therapy in a patient with myelofibrosis","volume":"37","author":"Schmiedel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncol. Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-016-2748-1","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus gastric ulcer associated with ruxolitinib","volume":"95","author":"Kusano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-016-2718-7","article-title":"Klebsiella pneumoniae primary liver abscess associated with ruxolitinib","volume":"95","author":"Kusano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2012.11.011","article-title":"Ruxolitinib can mask symptoms and signs of necrotizing fasciitis","volume":"66","author":"Landman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"7304","article-title":"A myelofibrosis case that develops mycobacterial infection after ruxolitinib treatment","volume":"10","author":"Malkan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-014-2183-0","article-title":"Ruxolitinib-associated tuberculosis: A case of successful ruxolitinib rechallenge","volume":"94","author":"Palandri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2017.03.004","article-title":"Occult hepatitis B infection reactivation after ruxolitinib therapy","volume":"49","author":"Perricone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.09.035","article-title":"Reactivation of herpes simplex virus infection in a patient undergoing ruxolitinib treatment","volume":"70","author":"Tong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1413918","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus retinitis in a patient who received ruxolitinib","volume":"374","author":"Zetterberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1302135","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with ruxolitinib","volume":"369","author":"Wathes","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-1604","article-title":"An opportunistic infection associated with ruxolitinib, a novel Janus kinase 1,2 inhibitor","volume":"143","author":"Wysham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"A8650","article-title":"Fatal tuberculosis during treatment with ruxolitinib","volume":"159","author":"Keizer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2107.150138","article-title":"Disseminated infections with talaromyces marneffei in non-AIDS patients given monoclonal antibodies against CD20 and kinase inhibitors","volume":"21","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-016-2684-0","article-title":"Use of rifampin for treatment of disseminated tuberculosis in a patient with primary myelofibrosis on ruxolitinib","volume":"95","author":"Branco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmason, R., Linden, O., and Richter, J. (2015). Case-report: EBV driven lymphoproliferative disorder associated with Ruxolitinib. BMC Hematol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12878-015-0029-1"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-013-1936-5","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus reactivation associated with ruxolitinib","volume":"93","author":"Shen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr2014204950","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2014-204950","article-title":"Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonitis complicating ruxolitinib therapy","volume":"2014","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2017.1390248","article-title":"Infectious complications in patients on treatment with Ruxolitinib: Case report and review of the literature","volume":"50","author":"Dioverti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-018-3242-8","article-title":"Infections associated with ruxolitinib: Study in the French Pharmacovigilance database","volume":"97","author":"Sylvine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2019.08.008","article-title":"Mycobacterial Infections with Ruxolitinib: A Retrospective Pharmacovigilance Review","volume":"20","author":"Anand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.01.002","article-title":"Tuberculosis and atypical mycobacterial infections in ruxolitinib-treated patients with primary or secondary myelofibrosis or polycythemia vera","volume":"80","author":"Lescuyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-0891-0","article-title":"The Janus kinase 1\/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib in COVID-19 with severe systemic hyperinflammation","volume":"34","author":"Bremer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breccia, M., Piciocchi, A., DeStefano, V., Finazzi, G., Iurlo, A., Fazi, P., Soddu, S., Martino, B., Palandri, F., and Siragusa, S. (2020). COVID-19 in Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative disorders: A GIMEMA survey. Leukemia.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-01032-0"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-019-0388-x","article-title":"Infections associated with immunotherapeutic and molecular targeted agents in hematology and oncology. A position paper by the European Conference on Infections in Leukemia (ECIL)","volume":"33","author":"Maschmeyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.02.009","article-title":"ESCMID Study Group for Infections in Compromised Hosts (ESGICH) Consensus Document on the safety of targeted and biological therapies: An infectious diseases perspective (Intracellular signalling pathways: Tyrosine kinase and mTOR inhibitors)","volume":"24","author":"Reinwald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16174","article-title":"A journey through infectious risk associated with ruxolitinib","volume":"187","author":"Bonifacio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1177\/2040620717693972","article-title":"Experience with ruxolitinib in the treatment of polycythaemia vera","volume":"8","author":"Alimam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"313","article-title":"Empfehlungen der St\u00e4ndigen Impfkommission (STIKO) am Robert Koch-Institut","volume":"34","author":"Impfkommission","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epid. Bull."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/12\/11\/3132\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:28:37Z","timestamp":1760178517000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/12\/11\/3132"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers12113132"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers12113132","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]]}}}