{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T18:26:19Z","timestamp":1781893579567,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, Culture and Technology of Japan","award":["17015018, 221S0001, JP16H06277(CoBiA), JP18H03045, JP19H03913"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17015018, 221S0001, JP16H06277(CoBiA), JP18H03045, JP19H03913"]}]},{"name":"Grant-in-Aid for the Third Term Comprehensive 10-year Strategy for Cancer Control from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan.","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although socioeconomic status (SES) has been associated with cancer risk, little research on this association has been done in Japan. To evaluate the association between SES and digestive tract cancer risk, we conducted a case-control study for head and neck, esophageal, stomach, and colorectal cancers in 3188 cases and the same number of age- and sex-matched controls within the framework of the Hospital-based Epidemiological Research Program at Aichi Cancer Center III (HERPACC III). We employed the education level and areal deprivation index (ADI) as SES indicators. The association was evaluated with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by conditional logistic models adjusted for potential confounders. Even after allowance for known cancer risk factors, the education level showed linear inverse associations with head and neck, stomach, and colorectal cancers. Compared to those educated to junior high school, those with higher education showed statistically significantly lower risks of cancer (0.43 (95% CI: 0.27\u20130.68) for head and neck, 0.52 (0.38\u20130.69) for stomach, and 0.52 (0.38\u20130.71) for colorectum). Consistent with these results for the educational level, the ADI in quintiles showed positive associations with head and neck, esophageal, and stomach cancers (p-trend: p = 0.035 for head and neck, p = 0.02 for esophagus, and p = 0.013 for stomach). Interestingly, the positive association between ADI and stomach cancer risk disappeared in the additional adjustment for Helicobacter pylori infection and\/or atrophic gastritis status. In conclusion, a lower SES was associated with an increased risk of digestive cancers in Japan and should be considered in cancer prevention policies for the target population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12113258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T00:00:37Z","timestamp":1604534437000},"page":"3258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Association between Socioeconomic Status and Digestive Tract Cancers: A Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1522-2082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yukino","family":"Kawakatsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuriko N.","family":"Koyanagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Information and Control, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0762-1147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isao","family":"Oze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4764-4455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yumiko","family":"Kasugai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hisayoshi","family":"Morioka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1224-227X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Systems Biology, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Cancer Informatics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidemi","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Information and Control, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Descriptive Cancer Epidemiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1761-6314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keitaro","family":"Matsuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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