{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T01:45:13Z","timestamp":1782783913371,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oestrogens and androgens play important roles in normal and cancerous tissue and have been shown to negatively regulate pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) expression in sex hormone-responsive tumours. PEDF suppresses tumour growth and its downregulation by oestrogen is implicated in tumorigenesis, metastasis, and progression. PEDF expression is reduced in cancerous tissue of the prostate, breast, ovary, and endometrium compared to their normal tissue counterparts, with a link between PEDF downregulation and sex hormone signalling observed in pre-clinical studies. PEDF reduces growth and metastasis of tumour cells by promoting apoptosis, inhibiting angiogenesis, increasing adhesion, and reducing migration. PEDF may also prevent treatment resistance in some cancers by downregulating oestrogen receptor signalling. By interacting with components of the tumour microenvironment, PEDF counteracts the proliferative and immunosuppressive effects of oestrogens, to ultimately reduce tumorigenesis and metastasis. In this review, we focus on sex hormone regulation of PEDF\u2019s anti-tumour action in sex hormone-responsive tumours.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12113483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T11:50:34Z","timestamp":1606132234000},"page":"3483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor and Sex Hormone-Responsive Cancers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Naomi","family":"Brook","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia"},{"name":"Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Brook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia"},{"name":"Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crispin R.","family":"Dass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia"},{"name":"Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arlene","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia"},{"name":"Breast Cancer Research Centre-Western Australia, Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun","family":"Dharmarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600116, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.08.011","article-title":"Estrogen and progesterone signalling in the normal breast and its implications for cancer development","volume":"466","author":"Hilton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. 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