{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T11:06:52Z","timestamp":1768993612707,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]],"date-time":"2020-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007316","name":"Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA206476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA206476"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007316","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008527","name":"Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA022453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA022453"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008527","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Among people living with HIV (PWH), there has been an increasing incidence of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and metabolic abnormalities, including dyslipidemia, which can modulate NSCLC risk. In this article, we evaluate which metabolic risk factors are associated with incident risk among PWH who smoke. This is done through a retrospective cohort study, using data of HIV+ veterans who smoke from the nationwide Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare system. Data on diagnostic codes, medication, and laboratory values of 33,351 veterans were obtained using the VA\u2019s Corporate Data Warehouse and Central Cancer Registry. We calculated NSCLC incidence and utilized Cox regression to determine metabolic factors associated with NSCLC risk. HIV+ cohort was 97.4% male; median age = 47 years and 20,050 (60.1%) well-controlled (\u226580% follow-up time undetectable viral load). Crude incidence rates were lower in well-controlled PWH (1.46 vs. 2.06\/1000 PY). Metabolic factors associated with incident NSCLC risk included lower BMI at HIV diagnosis and cachexia history in both groups, while HDL and triglycerides were significant in non-well-controlled smokers only. Our findings that lower BMI at HIV diagnosis, history of cachexia among individuals with well-controlled HIV, and cachexia presence at diagnosis are associated with increased risk of developing NSCLC in PWH with a history of smoking have important implications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12123809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]],"date-time":"2020-12-17T21:21:49Z","timestamp":1608240109000},"page":"3809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of Body Weight and Other Metabolic Factors on Risk of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer among Veterans with HIV and a History of Smoking"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jose M.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound HCS, Seattle, WA 98108, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology &amp; Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer R.","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Health Services Research Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety (IQuESt), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Texas Medical Center Digestive Diseases Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Health Services Research Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety (IQuESt), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Health Services Research Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety (IQuESt), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn E.","family":"Royse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Health Services Research Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety (IQuESt), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donna L.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Health Services Research Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety (IQuESt), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Texas Medical Center Digestive Diseases Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suchismita","family":"Raychaudhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Health Services Research Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety (IQuESt), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elaine","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Health Services Research Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety (IQuESt), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1301-7189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine M.","family":"Hartman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Health Services Research Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety (IQuESt), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9322-1395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Silverberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA 94612, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5752-2916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth Y.","family":"Chiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Health Services Research Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety (IQuESt), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Texas Medical Center Digestive Diseases Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000189864.90053.22","article-title":"Patterns of the hazard of death after AIDS through the evolution of antiretroviral therapy: 1984\u20132004","volume":"19","author":"Schneider","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199803263381301","article-title":"Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators","volume":"338","author":"Palella","year":"1998","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. 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Dis."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/12\/12\/3809\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:46:19Z","timestamp":1760179579000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/12\/12\/3809"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers12123809"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers12123809","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]}}}