{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T22:32:35Z","timestamp":1791844355373,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Primary pulmonary B-cell lymphomas (PP-BCLs) comprise a group of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas of B-cell origin, which primarily affect the lung without evidence of extrapulmonary disease at the time of diagnosis and up to 3 months afterwards. Primary lymphoid proliferations of the lung are most often of B-cell lineage, and include three major entities with different clinical, morphological, and molecular features: primary pulmonary marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (PP-MZL, or MALT lymphoma), primary pulmonary diffuse large B cell lymphoma (PP-DLBCL), and lymphomatoid granulomatosis (LYG). Less common entities include primary effusion B-cell lymphoma (PEL) and intravascular large B cell lymphoma (IVLBCL). A proper workup requires a multidisciplinary approach, including radiologists, pneumologists, thoracic surgeons, pathologists, hemato-oncologists, and radiation oncologists, in order to achieve a correct diagnosis and risk assessment. Aim of this review is to analyze and outline the clinical and pathological features of the most frequent PP-BCLs, and to critically analyze the major issues in their diagnosis and management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13030415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T11:13:53Z","timestamp":1611314033000},"page":"415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Primary Pulmonary B-Cell Lymphoma: A Review and Update"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Sanguedolce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Ospedali Riuniti di Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8733-9933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magda","family":"Zanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9841-7856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Zizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Oncology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy"},{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Bisagni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Soriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology, Division and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Cocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiotherapy Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Ospedali Riuniti di Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2299-5160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Palicelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5487-0683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Santandrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Caprera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera S. Maria di Terni, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Corsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera S. Maria di Terni, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5145-9554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Cerrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera S. Maria di Terni, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaele","family":"Sciaccotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera S. Maria di Terni, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera S. Maria di Terni, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera S. Maria di Terni, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Sollitto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Thoracic Surgery, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Loizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Thoracic Surgery, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Ascani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera S. Maria di Terni, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201401-0086IM","article-title":"Primary pulmonary lymphoma presenting with multiple lung nodules","volume":"190","author":"Shinoda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1183\/09059180.00004313","article-title":"Lymphoproliferative lung disorders: Clinicopathological aspects","volume":"22","author":"Poletti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Swerdlow, S., Campo, E., Harris, N.L., Jaffe, E.S., Pileri, S.A., Stein, H., Thiele, J., Arber, D.A., Hasserjian, R.P., and Le Beau, M.M. (2017). WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, IARC. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1097\/PAP.0000000000000090","article-title":"Primary pulmonary lymphomas","volume":"22","author":"Weissferdt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Anat. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/16420165","article-title":"The radiological spectrum of pulmonary lymphoproliferative disease","volume":"85","author":"Hare","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-018-0182-y","article-title":"Pleural Effusions in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Clinical and Prognostic Significance","volume":"197","author":"Porcel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2012-0202-RA","article-title":"Lymphoproliferative neoplasms of the lung: A review","volume":"137","author":"William","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2016140339","article-title":"Primary pulmonary lymphoid lesions: Radiologic and pathologic findings","volume":"36","author":"Sirajuddin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.02.00404102","article-title":"Primary pulmonary lymphoma","volume":"20","author":"Cadranel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2016.03.002","article-title":"Primary extranodal lymphoma of the thorax","volume":"54","author":"Kligerman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2020.04.002","article-title":"Primary pulmonary B-cell lymphoma","volume":"37","author":"Kelemen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sem. Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711690209","article-title":"Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) in human fetal and infant lung","volume":"169","author":"Gould","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.05.002","article-title":"Lymphoproliferative lung disorders: A radiologic-pathologic overview. Part I: Reactive disorders","volume":"34","author":"Carrillo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin. Ultrasound. CT. MRI"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20091472","article-title":"Induced bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue serves as a general priming site for T cells and is maintained by dendritic cells","volume":"206","author":"Halle","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2010.52","article-title":"Regulation of inducible BALT formation and contribution to immunity and pathology","volume":"3","author":"Foo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"OE01","article-title":"Follicular bronchiolitis: A literature review","volume":"9","author":"Tashtoush","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomashefski, J.F. (2008). Dail and Hammar\u2019s Pulmonary Pathology, Springer. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-72114-9"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2010.11.022","article-title":"Analysis of API2-MALT1 fusion, trisomies, and immunoglobulin VH genes in pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma","volume":"42","author":"Xia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"102656","article-title":"Molecular pathogenesis of MALT lymphoma","volume":"2015","author":"Troppan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferry, J.A. (2011). Extranodal Lymphomas, Elsevier Saunders.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-4579-3.10007-5"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00154212","article-title":"Pulmonary manifestations of human herpesvirus-8 during HIV infection","volume":"42","author":"Borie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.12703","article-title":"Prevalence of A chromobacter xylosoxidans in pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma in different regions of Europe","volume":"164","author":"Adam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.9430-17","article-title":"Achromobacter infection is rare in japanese patients with pulmonary B-cell lymphoma","volume":"57","author":"Aoyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr2014206997","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2014-206997","article-title":"BALToma masquerading as pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"2014","author":"Magazine","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01701-2015","article-title":"Pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma revisited","volume":"47","author":"Borie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39518","article-title":"Rheumatoid factor and disease activity are independent predictors of lymphoma in primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"68","author":"Nocturne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3121\/cmr.2017.1341","article-title":"Pulmonary MALT lymphoma in patients with Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Yachoui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Travis, W.D., Brambilla, E., Burke, A.P., Marx, A., and Nicholson, A.G. (2015). WHO Classification of Tumours of the Lung, Pleura, Thymus and Heart, IARC."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200108000-00003","article-title":"Pathologic and clinical features of primary pulmonary extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of MALT type","volume":"25","author":"Kurtin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00039309","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of pulmonary MALT lymphoma","volume":"34","author":"Borie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.12730","article-title":"Incidence of marginal zone lymphoma in the United States, 2001\u20132009 with a focus on primary anatomic site","volume":"165","author":"Khalil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/hon.2243","article-title":"A retrospective international study on primary extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of the lung (BALT lymphoma) on behalf of International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group (IELSG)","volume":"34","author":"Sammassimo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2017.03.81","article-title":"A single center experience: Rituximab plus cladribine is an effective and safe first-line therapy for unresectable bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma","volume":"9","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1026","article-title":"Clinical and prognostic characteristics of pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma: A retrospective analysis of 23 cases in a Chinese population","volume":"124","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.3816\/CLM.2007.n.042","article-title":"Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas: An update of a rare extranodal maltoma","volume":"7","author":"Zinzani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1159\/000477740","article-title":"Lymphoproliferative disorders of the lung","volume":"94","author":"Borie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.103.1.201","article-title":"Primary pulmonary lymphomas. A clinical study of 70 cases in nonimmunocompromised patients","volume":"103","author":"Cordier","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-1956","article-title":"Marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue: Imaging findings in 21 patients","volume":"133","author":"Bae","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000180","article-title":"Update in primary pulmonary lymphomas","volume":"21","author":"Talwar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2004.02.006","article-title":"Bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma: A clinical study of a rare disease","volume":"40","author":"Ahmed","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.05.003","article-title":"Lymphoproliferative lung disorders: A radiologic-pathologic overview. Part II: Neoplastic disorders","volume":"34","author":"Restrepo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin. Ultrasound. CT. MRI"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6040","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2018.10.63","article-title":"HRCT in primary pulmonary lymphoma: Can CT imaging phenotypes differentiate histological subtypes between mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma and non-MALT lymphoma?","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2013.14.2.366","article-title":"Primary endobronchial marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue: CT findings in 7 patients","volume":"14","author":"Yoon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2000.1.3.159","article-title":"Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) lymphoma of the lung showing mosaic pattern of inhomogeneous attenuation on thin-section CT: A case report","volume":"1","author":"Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Korean J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20170311","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20170311","article-title":"Pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma: 18F-FDG PET\/CT and CT findings in 28 patients","volume":"90","author":"Albano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"158","article-title":"Pulmonary lymphoid disorders","volume":"12","author":"Koss","year":"1995","journal-title":"Semin. Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Medeiros, L.J., and Miranda, R.N. (2018). Lymph Nodes and Extranodal Lymphomas, Elsevier. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2013-0252-CR","article-title":"Crystal-storing histiocytosis complicating primary pulmonary marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue","volume":"137","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2012-0225-RA","article-title":"Update for pathologists on idiopathic interstitial pneumonias","volume":"136","author":"Larsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavalli, F., Stein, H., and Zucca, E. (2008). Extranodal Lymphomas: Pathology and Management, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.3109\/9780203091753"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"7482","article-title":"Nodular pulmonary amyloidosis and obvious ossification due to primary pulmonary MALT lymphoma with extensive plasmacytic differentiation: Report of a rare case and review of the literature","volume":"8","author":"Xiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weissferdt, A. (2020). Diagnostic Thoracic Pathology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-36438-0"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.1995.tb00271.x","article-title":"Primary pulmonary non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphomas","volume":"26","author":"Fiche","year":"1995","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpdhp.2014.09.008","article-title":"Lymphomas and lymphoproliferative diseases of the lung","volume":"20","author":"Sohani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diagn. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1070","article-title":"T-bet-positive and IRTA1-positive monocytoid B cells differ from marginal zone B cells and epithelial-associated B cells in their antigen pro le and topographical distribution","volume":"90","author":"Johrens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2016.09.011","article-title":"Immunohistochemical analysis of the novel marginal zone B-cell marker IRTA1 in malignant lymphoma","volume":"59","author":"Ikeda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3960\/jslrt.47.31","article-title":"MALT lymphoma: Recent advances in aetiology and molecular genetics","volume":"47","author":"Du","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hematop"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6370","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.05.011","article-title":"Molecular pathogenesis of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma","volume":"23","author":"Farinha","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2403185","article-title":"Primary pulmonary MALT lymphomas show frequent and heterogeneous cytogenetic abnormalities, including aneuploidy and translocations involving API2 and MALT1 and IGH and MALT1","volume":"18","author":"Remstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-0873-03","article-title":"Frequency of chromosomal aberrations involving MALT1 in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma in patients with Sjogren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Streubel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-12-194852","article-title":"TNFAIP3\/A20 functions as a novel tumor suppressor gene in several subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphomas","volume":"114","author":"Honma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2012.257","article-title":"IGHV gene features and MYD88 L265P mutation separate the three marginal zone lymphoma entities and Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia\/lymphoplasmacytic lymphomas","volume":"27","author":"Gachard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4158","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-12-192583","article-title":"E\u03bc-BCL10 mice exhibit constitutive activation of both canonical and noncanonical NF-\u03baB pathways generating marginal zone (MZ) B-cell expansion as a precursor to splenic MZ lymphoma","volume":"114","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"1693","article-title":"Splenic marginal zone lymphoma-like features in API2-MALT1 transgenic mice that are exposed to antigenic stimulation","volume":"91","author":"Sagaert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000213275.60962.2a","article-title":"The incidence and anatomic site specificity of chromosomal translocations in primary extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) in North America","volume":"30","author":"Remstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-02-140996","article-title":"Gene expression profiling of pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma identifies new biologic insights with potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications","volume":"113","author":"Chng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e558","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2018.214957","article-title":"Novel insights into the genetics and epigenetics of MALT lymphoma unveiled by next generation sequencing analysis","volume":"104","author":"Cascione","year":"2019","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200201000-00009","article-title":"Primary lung small B-cell lymphoma versus lymphoid hyperplasia: Evaluation of diagnostic criteria in 26 cases","volume":"26","author":"Vergier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(99)01535-0","article-title":"Primary non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma of the lung","volume":"69","author":"Ferraro","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2016.04.009","article-title":"Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia","volume":"37","author":"Panchabhai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Chest Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2361031674","article-title":"Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias: CT features","volume":"236","author":"Lynch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-0068","article-title":"Detection of MALT1 gene rearrangements in BAL fluid cells for the diagnosis of pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma","volume":"141","author":"Kido","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1080\/1042819031000067972","article-title":"Extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of MALT-type of the lung: Single-center experience with 12 patients","volume":"44","author":"Zinzani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e318282d0fa","article-title":"Pulmonary nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (pulmonary pseudolymphoma): The significance of increased numbers of IgG4-positive plasma cells","volume":"37","author":"Guinee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-014-2042-z","article-title":"Retrospective comparison of the effectiveness of various treatment modalities of extragastric MALT lymphoma: A single-center analysis","volume":"93","author":"Kiesewetter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2019.01.009","article-title":"Primary pulmonary lymphoma: A retrospective analysis of 27 cases in a single tertiary hospital","volume":"357","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.4103\/lungindia.lungindia_381_17","article-title":"Primary pulmonary lymphoproliferative neoplasms","volume":"35","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lung India"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6409","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-015-3329-y","article-title":"Radical surgery may be not an optimal treatment approach for pulmonary MALT lymphoma","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tumour. Biol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-014-1694-8","article-title":"Rituximab monotherapy as a first-line treatment for pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma","volume":"101","author":"Okamura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-11-3496","article-title":"Clinical activity of rituximab in extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of MALT type","volume":"102","author":"Conconi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5773","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020003121","article-title":"Durable ibrutinib responses in relapsed\/refractory marginal zone lymphoma: Long-term follow-up and biomarker analysis","volume":"4","author":"Noy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s11864-019-0687-5","article-title":"Marginal Zone Lymphoma: State-of-the-Art Treatment","volume":"20","author":"Sindel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Oncol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2012.723211","article-title":"Analysis of microsatellite instability in gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma","volume":"54","author":"Degroote","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2008.243","article-title":"Primary cutaneous marginal zone B-cell lymphomas are targeted by aberrant somatic hypermutation","volume":"129","author":"Deutsch","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Investig. Derm."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1002\/hon.825","article-title":"Chromosome instability and translocation t(11;18) in primary gastric marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of MALT-type","volume":"25","author":"Tibiletti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"1","article-title":"Genomic Instability and Clonal Evolution in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Clinical Relevance","volume":"1","author":"Condoluci","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)00447-7","article-title":"Bendamustine plus rituximab versus fludarabine plus rituximab for patients with relapsed indolent and mantle-cell lymphomas: A multicentre, randomised, open-label, non-inferiority phase 3 trial","volume":"17","author":"Rummel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"167","article-title":"A simple and effective MALT lymphoma-specific prognostic index generated from the dataset of the IELSG-19 controlled clinical trial","volume":"33","author":"Thieblemont","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-019-1009-5","article-title":"Primary pulmonary lymphoma in children","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8876","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000008876","article-title":"CT and PET\/CT findings of primary pulmonary di use large B-cell lymphoma: One case report and literature review","volume":"96","author":"Bai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25112","article-title":"EBV-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified: 2018 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification and management","volume":"93","author":"Castillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2017-210248","article-title":"Unique radiological features of two cases of primary pulmonary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"72","author":"Saitoh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1210","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000001210","article-title":"Primary pulmonary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma on FDG PET\/CT-MRI and DWI","volume":"94","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.5761\/atcs.cr.14-00298","article-title":"A case of primary pulmonary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma diagnosed by transbronchial biopsy","volume":"21","author":"Yoshino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1177\/1066896913491318","article-title":"A rare case of anaplastic variant of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma presenting as a lung primary","volume":"22","author":"Kos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/252746","article-title":"Primary pulmonary Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma","volume":"17","author":"Castellano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2004.03.010","article-title":"Malignant and benign lymphoid lesions of the lung","volume":"8","author":"Koss","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.5858\/2006-130-1497-LITPAC","article-title":"Lymphomas involving the pleura: A clinicopathologic study of 34 cases diagnosed by pleural biopsy","volume":"130","author":"Vega","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyh095","article-title":"Primary pulmonary non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2014.04.009","article-title":"Improved survival with rituximab-based chemoimmunotherapy in older patients with extranodal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"38","author":"Olszewski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leuk Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1179\/102453311X12940641877722","article-title":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma primary of lung","volume":"16","author":"Neri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(72)80005-4","article-title":"Lymphomatoid granulomatosis","volume":"3","author":"Liebow","year":"1972","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4531","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V87.11.4531.bloodjournal87114531","article-title":"Association of lymphomatoid granulomatosis with Epstein-Barr viral infection of B lymphocytes and response to interferon-\u03b12b","volume":"87","author":"Wilson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"435","article-title":"Detection of Epstein-Barr virus genomes in lymphomatoid granulomatosis: Analysis of 29 cases by the polymerase chain reaction technique","volume":"3","author":"Katzenstein","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000328","article-title":"Lymphomatoid granulomatosis\u2014A single institute experience: Pathologic findings and clinical correlations","volume":"39","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2005.036541","article-title":"Lymphomatois granulomatosis in a patient previously diagnosed with a gastrointestinal stromal tumour and treated with imatinib","volume":"60","author":"Salmons","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Connors, W., Griffiths, C., Patel, J., and Belletrutti, P.J. (2014). Lymphomatoid granulomatosis associated with azathioprine therapy in Crohn disease. BMC Gastroenterol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-14-127"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.53.2593","article-title":"Grade 3 lymphomatoid granulomatosis in a patient receiving methotrexate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"53","author":"Oiwa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-3-751","article-title":"Rituximab for pulmonary lymphomatoid granulomatosis which developed as a complication of methotrexate and azathioprine therapy for rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"3","author":"Barakat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200109000-00001","article-title":"Cutaneous lymphomatoid granulomatosis: Correlation of clinical and biologic features","volume":"25","author":"Beaty","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e3181fd8781","article-title":"Lymphomatoid granulomatosis: Insights gained over 4 decades","volume":"34","author":"Katzenstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1177\/014556138005900404","article-title":"Lymphomatoid granulomatosis of the oropharynx","volume":"59","author":"Gupta","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ear. Nose Throat J."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr2016218369","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2016-218369","article-title":"Lymphomatoid granulomatosis with pulmonary and gastrointestinal involvement","volume":"2017","author":"Kappen","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2371041087","article-title":"Lymphomatoid granulomatosis: Abnormalities of the brain at MR imaging","volume":"237","author":"Patsalides","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2006.07.032","article-title":"Diagnosis of renal lymphoma by percutaneous image guided biopsy: Experience with 11 cases","volume":"176","author":"Hunter","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.175.5.1751335","article-title":"Lymphomatoid granulomatosis: Radiologic features and pathologic correlations","volume":"175","author":"Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.163.2.8037014","article-title":"Lymphoproliferative disorders of the lung: Histopathology, clinical manifestations, and imaging features","volume":"163","author":"Bragg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0b013e318227a661","article-title":"Pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma: Computed tomography and (1)(8)F fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography\/computed tomography imaging findings and follow-up","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1097\/PPO.0b013e31826c5e19","article-title":"Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis","volume":"18","author":"Roschewski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2011.12.6.671","article-title":"Lymphomatoid granulomatosis: CT and FDG-PET findings","volume":"12","author":"Chung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Korean J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2016.02.024","article-title":"Lymphomatoid granulomatosis: A single institution experience and review of the literature","volume":"16","author":"Chavez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199310000-00004","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genomes and EBV- encoded latent membrane protein (LMP) in pulmonary lymphomas occurring in non-immunocompromised patients","volume":"17","author":"Sabourin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2020.05.002","article-title":"Mimickers of pulmonary lymphoma","volume":"37","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-006-0480-2","article-title":"Lymphomatoid granulomatosis and diffuse alveolar damage associated with methotrexate therapy in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"26","author":"Kameda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197901)43:1<360::AID-CNCR2820430151>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Lymphomatoid granulomatosis: Clinicopathologic study of 152 cases","volume":"43","author":"Katzestein","year":"1979","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8652(199912)62:4<239::AID-AJH7>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"Radiotherapy to control CNS lymphomatoid granulomatosis: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"62","author":"Petrella","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1159\/000029397","article-title":"Pulmonary malignancies in the immunocompromised patient","volume":"66","author":"Cadranel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"865957","article-title":"Lymphomatoid granulomatosis treated successfully with rituximab in a renal transplant patient","volume":"2011","author":"Castrale","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/10428190500284262","article-title":"Prolonged remission of refractory lymphomatoid granulomatosis after autologous hemopoietic stem cell transplantation with post- transplantation maintenance interferon","volume":"47","author":"Johnston","year":"2006","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.125.4.1546","article-title":"Pleural effusions in hematologic malignancies","volume":"125","author":"Alexandrakis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.24251","article-title":"Classic and extracavitary primary effusion lymphoma in 51 HIV-infected patients from a single institution","volume":"91","author":"Guillet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30112","article-title":"Human 175 immunodeficiency virus-associated lymphomas in the antiretroviral therapy era: Analysis of the National Cancer Data Base","volume":"122","author":"Olszewski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3747","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S167392","article-title":"Primary effusion lymphoma: Current perspectives","volume":"11","author":"Narkhede","year":"2018","journal-title":"Onco Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2020.05.003","article-title":"Hematolymphoid neoplasms with a plasma cell phenotype","volume":"37","author":"Rosado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afj009","article-title":"An unusual cause of pleural effusion","volume":"35","author":"Youngster","year":"2006","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.12-5-569","article-title":"Primary effusion lymphoma","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2008.02.010","article-title":"Human herpesvirus 8 infections in patients with immunodeficiencies","volume":"39","author":"Laurent","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"80a","article-title":"Body cavity-based non-hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma (NHL) in HIV-infected patients: B-cell lymphoma with unusual clinical, immunophenotypic, and genotypic features","volume":"66","author":"Karcher","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4372","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.07.084","article-title":"Prognostic factors and outcome of human herpesvirus 8-associated primary effusion lymphoma in patients with AIDS","volume":"23","author":"Boulanger","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.thj.6200096","article-title":"A clinical, molecular and cytogenetic study of 12 cases of human herpesvirus 8 associated primary effusion lymphoma in HIV-infected patients","volume":"2","author":"Boulanger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hematol. J."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.205.2.9356629","article-title":"HIV-associated human herpesvirus 8-positive primary lymphomatous effusions: Radiologic findings in six patients","volume":"205","author":"Morassut","year":"1997","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-06-648923","article-title":"T-cell primary effusion lymphoma with pseudo-monoclonal rearrangements for immunoglobulin heavy chain","volume":"126","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V97.3.744","article-title":"Expression profile of MUM1\/IRF4, BCL-6, and CD138\/ 180 syndecan-1 defines novel histogenetic subsets of human immunodeficiency virus-related lymphomas","volume":"97","author":"Carbone","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V88.2.645.bloodjournal882645","article-title":"Primary effusion lymphoma: A distinct clinicopathologic entity associated with the Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma-associated herpes virus","volume":"88","author":"Nador","year":"1996","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21349","article-title":"Plasma HHV-8 viral load in HHV-8-related lymphoproliferative disorders associated with HIV infection","volume":"81","author":"Simonelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000001168","article-title":"Age and CD20 Expression Are Significant Prognostic Factors in Human Herpes Virus-8-negative Effusion-based Lymphoma","volume":"42","author":"Kubota","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2752","article-title":"Primary effusion lymphoma: Genomic profiling revealed amplification of SELPLG and CORO1C encoding for proteins important for cell migration","volume":"222","author":"Luan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000157937.01624.1d","article-title":"HHV-8-associated T-cell lymphoma in a lymph node with concurrent peritoneal effusion in an HIV-positive man","volume":"29","author":"Coupland","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.152973","article-title":"Clinical, pathological and molecular features of plasmablastic lymphoma arising in the gastrointestinal tract: A review and reappraisal","volume":"216","author":"Sanguedolce","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pr."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2378","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2012.694075","article-title":"Prognosis in primary effusion lymphoma is associated with the number of body cavities involved","volume":"53","author":"Castillo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2009.117","article-title":"Targeting the mammalian target of rapamycin to inhibit VEGF and cytokines for the treatment of primary effusion lymphoma","volume":"23","author":"Gasperini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2403646","article-title":"Treatment of herpesvirus associated primary effusion lymphoma with intracavity cidofovir","volume":"19","author":"Luppi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2016.1271947","article-title":"Talc pleurodesis allows long-term remission in HIV-unrelated human herpesvirus 8-associated primary effusion lymphoma","volume":"58","author":"Birsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2016.02.018","article-title":"Management and outcomes of HIV-associated primary effusion lymphoma: A single center experience","volume":"16","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-01-021253","article-title":"Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (IVLBCL): A clinicopathologic study of 96 cases with special reference to the immunophenotypic heterogeneity of CD5","volume":"109","author":"Murase","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3168","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.08.2313","article-title":"Definition, diagnosis, and management of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma: Proposals and perspectives from an international consensus meeting","volume":"25","author":"Ponzoni","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-1596-7-70","article-title":"Primary intravascular large B-cell lymphoma of lung: A report of one case and review","volume":"7","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2018.10.035","article-title":"Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma presenting with diffusely increased pulmonary fluorodeoxyglucose uptake without corresponding CT abnormality","volume":"14","author":"Spencer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zanelli, M., Mengoli, M.C., Del Sordo, R., Cagini, A., De Marco, L., Simonetti, E., Martino, G., Zizzo, M., and Ascani, S. (2018). Intravascular NK\/T-cell lymphoma, Epstein-Barr virus positive with multiorgan involvement: A clinical dilemma. BMC Cancer, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-5001-6"}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/13\/3\/415\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:14:06Z","timestamp":1760159646000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/13\/3\/415"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"references-count":159,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers13030415"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers13030415","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]}}}