{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:08:55Z","timestamp":1791223735884,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":263,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Richard and Edith Strauss Foundation","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009447","name":"Leukemia and Lymphoma Society of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["622735"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["622735"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009447","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the last decades, cellular immunotherapy has revealed its curative potential. However, inherent physiological characteristics of immune cells can limit the potency of this approach. Best defined in T cells, dysfunction associated with terminal differentiation, exhaustion, senescence, and activation-induced cell death, undermine adoptive cell therapies. In this review, we concentrate on how the multiple mechanisms that articulate the various forms of immune dysfunction impact cellular therapies primarily involving conventional T cells, but also other lymphoid subtypes. The repercussions of immune cell dysfunction across the full life cycle of cell therapy, from the source material, during manufacturing, and after adoptive transfer, are discussed, with an emphasis on strategies used during ex vivo manipulations to limit T-cell dysfunction. Applicable to cellular products prepared from native and unmodified immune cells, as well as genetically engineered therapeutics, the understanding and potential modulation of dysfunctional features are key to the development of improved cellular immunotherapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13040598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T11:54:31Z","timestamp":1612353271000},"page":"598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["T-Cell Dysfunction as a Limitation of Adoptive Immunotherapy: Current Concepts and Mitigation Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7506-8048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Janelle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche de l\u2019H\u00f4pital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montr\u00e9al, QC H1T 2M4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1460-7287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-S\u00e9bastien","family":"Delisle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche de l\u2019H\u00f4pital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montr\u00e9al, QC H1T 2M4, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Hematology-Oncology, H\u00f4pital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montr\u00e9al, QC H1T 2M4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janelle, V., Rulleau, C., Del Testa, S., Carli, C., and Delisle, J.-S. 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