{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T21:42:53Z","timestamp":1768340573059,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AR052144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AR052144"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R03CA238555"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03CA238555"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The brain is a common site of metastasis from advanced breast cancer but few effective treatments are available. We examined a therapeutic option with a conditioned medium (CM), focusing on the role of Lrp5 and \u03b2-catenin in Wnt signaling, and IL1ra in osteocytes. Osteocytes presented the innate anti-tumor effect and the overexpression of the above genes strengthened their action. In a mouse model, the injection of their CM inhibited mammary tumors and tumor-driven osteolysis. Importantly, Lrp5- and\/or IL1ra-overexpressing osteocytes or the local administration of \u03b2-catenin-overexpressing CM markedly inhibited brain tumors. In the transport analysis, tumor-suppressing factors in CM were shown to diffuse through the skull. Mechanistically, the CM with overexpression of the above genes downregulated oncogenic genes such as MMP9, Runx2, TGF\u03b2, and Snail in breast cancer cells. Also, the CM with \u03b2-catenin overexpression downregulated CXCL1 and CXCL5 and upregulated tumor suppressors such as LIMA1, DSP, p53, and TRAIL in breast cancer cells. Notably, whole-genome proteomics revealed that histone H4 was enriched in CM and acted as an atypical tumor suppressor. Lrp5-overexpressing MSCs were also shown to act as anti-tumor agents. Collectively, this study demonstrated the therapeutic role of engineered CM in brain tumors and the tumor-suppressing action of extracellular histone H4. The result sheds light on the potential CM-based therapy for breast cancer-associated brain metastases in a minimally invasive manner.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13051061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T05:10:16Z","timestamp":1614748216000},"page":"1061","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Inhibition of the Growth of Breast Cancer-Associated Brain Tumors by the Osteocyte-Derived Conditioned Medium"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tomohiko","family":"Sano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi Tsu 2-174, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shengzhi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Misato","family":"Hase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"},{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, Edobashi Tsu 2-174, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rongrong","family":"Zha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4543-1536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uma K.","family":"Aryal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1853-0216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bai-Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0474-4368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akihiro","family":"Sudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi Tsu 2-174, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7881-8959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroki","family":"Yokota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China"},{"name":"Simon Cancer Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"},{"name":"Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-15-0578","article-title":"Global Cancer Incidence and Mortality Rates and Trends--An Update","volume":"25","author":"Torre","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. 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