{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T23:48:15Z","timestamp":1786405695635,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,7]],"date-time":"2021-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although asbestos has been banned in most countries around the world, malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a current problem. MPM is an aggressive tumor with a poor prognosis, so it is crucial to identify new markers in the preventive field. Asbestos exposure induces oxidative stress and its carcinogenesis has been linked to a strong oxidative damage, event counteracted by antioxidant systems at the pulmonary level. The present study has been focused on some redox-sensitive transcription factors that regulate cellular antioxidant defense and are overexpressed in many tumors, such as Nrf2 (Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2), Ref-1 (Redox effector factor 1), and FOXM1 (Forkhead box protein M1). The research was performed in human mesothelial and MPM cells. Our results have clearly demonstrated an overexpression of Nrf2, Ref-1, and FOXM1 in mesothelioma towards mesothelium, and a consequent activation of downstream genes controlled by these factors, which in turn regulates antioxidant defense. This event is mediated by oxidative free radicals produced when mesothelial cells are exposed to asbestos fibers. We observed an increased expression of Nrf2, Ref-1, and FOXM1 towards untreated cells, confirming asbestos as the mediator of oxidative stress evoked at the mesothelium level. These factors can therefore be considered predictive biomarkers of MPM and potential pharmacological targets in the treatment of this aggressive cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13051138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,7]],"date-time":"2021-03-07T20:20:43Z","timestamp":1615148443000},"page":"1138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["RETRACTED: Identification of Redox-Sensitive Transcription Factors as Markers of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2738-9119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Schiavello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0939-0562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Gazzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10135 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates \u201cG. Scansetti\u201d, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0951-7340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loredana","family":"Bergandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8800-9135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Silvagno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Libener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Activities Research and Innovation, Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, 15121 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9787-4836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Riganti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates \u201cG. Scansetti\u201d, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0236-6175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Aldieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates \u201cG. Scansetti\u201d, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2017.42","article-title":"Novel insights into mesothelioma biology and implications for therapy","volume":"17","author":"Yap","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S276","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2017.10.88","article-title":"The pathological and molecular diagnosis of malignant pleural mesothelioma: A literature review","volume":"10","author":"Bruno","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Thorac. 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