{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T21:56:53Z","timestamp":1776376613445,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009128","name":"Research for Patient Benefit Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PB-PG-0110-21041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PB-PG-0110-21041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009128","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Iron deficiency anemia is a common complication of colorectal cancer and may require iron therapy. Oral iron can increase the iron available to gut bacteria and may alter the colonic microbiota. We performed an intervention study to compare oral and intravenous iron therapy on the colonic tumor-associated (on-tumor) and paired non-tumor-associated adjacent (off-tumor) microbiota. Anemic patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma received either oral ferrous sulphate (n = 16) or intravenous ferric carboxymaltose (n = 24). On- and off-tumor biopsies were obtained post-surgery and microbial profiling was performed using 16S ribosomal RNA analysis. Off-tumor \u03b1- and \u03b2-diversity were significantly different between iron treatment groups. No differences in on-tumor diversity were observed. Off-tumor microbiota of oral iron-treated patients showed higher abundances of the orders Clostridiales, Cytophagales, and Anaeroplasmatales compared to intravenous iron-treated patients. The on-tumor microbiota was enriched with the orders Lactobacillales and Alteromonadales in the oral and intravenous iron groups, respectively. The on- and off-tumor microbiota associated with intravenous iron-treated patients infers increased abundances of enzymes involved in iron sequestration and anti-inflammatory\/oncogenic metabolite production, compared to oral iron-treated patients. Collectively, this suggests that intravenous iron may be a more appropriate therapy to limit adverse microbial outcomes compared to oral iron.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13061341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T12:01:02Z","timestamp":1615896062000},"page":"1341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Oral and Intravenous Iron Therapy Differentially Alter the On- and Off-Tumor Microbiota in Anemic Colorectal Cancer Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4588-4869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Phipps","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5119-7793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hafid O.","family":"Al-Hassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed N.","family":"Quraishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Research Laboratory, Institute of Cancer &amp; Genomic Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TQ, UK"},{"name":"Microbiome Treatment Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0203-7811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward A.","family":"Dickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre in Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"},{"name":"Department of Colorectal Surgery, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9668-0316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Segal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, St. Mark\u2019s Hospital, Harrow HA1 3UJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5202-9273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Steed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust, Wolverhampton WV10 0QP, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1026-3173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aditi","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust, Wolverhampton WV10 0QP, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6935-5227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Austin G.","family":"Acheson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre in Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"},{"name":"Department of Colorectal Surgery, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0784-2967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Beggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Research Laboratory, Institute of Cancer &amp; Genomic Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TQ, UK"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8782-0292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Brookes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust, Wolverhampton WV10 0QP, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Alcoholado, L., Ramos-Molina, B., Otero, A., Laborda-Illanes, A., Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez, R., Medina, J.A., G\u00f3mez-Mill\u00e1n, J., and Queipo-Ortu\u00f1o, M.I. 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