{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T14:19:06Z","timestamp":1779200346904,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008426","name":"Friedrich-Baur-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["33\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["33\/19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008426","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>New prognostic factors and targeted therapies are urgently needed to improve therapeutic outcomes in vulvar cancer patients and to reduce therapy related morbidity. Previous studies demonstrated the important role of prostaglandin receptors in inflammation and carcinogenesis in a variety of tumor entities. In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression of EP4 in vulvar cancer tissue and its association with clinicopathological data and its prognostic relevance on survival. Immunohistochemistry was performed on tumor specimens of 157 patients with vulvar cancer treated in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Germany, between 1990 and 2008. The expression of EP4 was analyzed using the well-established semiquantitative immunoreactivity score (IRS) and EP4 expression levels were correlated with clinicopathological data and patients\u2019 survival. To specify the tumor-associated immune cells, immunofluorescence double staining was performed on tissue samples. In vitro experiments including 5-Bromo-2\u2032-Deoxyuridine (BrdU) proliferation assay and 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromid (MTT) viability assay were conducted in order to examine the effect of EP4 antagonist L-161,982 on vulvar carcinoma cells. EP4 expression was a common finding in in the analyzed vulvar cancer tissue. EP4 expression correlated significantly with tumor size and FIGO classification and differed significantly between keratinizing vulvar carcinoma and nonkeratinizing carcinoma. Survival analysis showed a significant correlation of high EP4 expression with poorer overall survival (p = 0.001) and a trending correlation between high EP4 expression and shorter disease-free survival (p = 0.069). Cox regression revealed EP4 as an independent prognostic factor for overall survival when other factors were taken into account. We could show in vitro that EP4 antagonism attenuates both viability and proliferation of vulvar cancer cells. In order to evaluate EP4 as a prognostic marker and possible target for endocrinological therapy, more research is needed on the influence of EP4 in the tumor environment and its impact in vulvar carcinoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13061410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T11:18:38Z","timestamp":1616152718000},"page":"1410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["EP4 as a Negative Prognostic Factor in Patients with Vulvar Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Buchholz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistra\u00dfe 15, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aurelia","family":"Vattai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistra\u00dfe 15, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"F\u00fcrst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistra\u00dfe 15, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0452-1148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresa","family":"Vilsmaier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistra\u00dfe 15, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistra\u00dfe 15, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, Stenglinstrasse 2, 86156 Augsburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Schmoeckel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, LMU Munich, Thalkirchner Str. 142, 80337 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Doris","family":"Mayr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, LMU Munich, Thalkirchner Str. 142, 80337 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Dannecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistra\u00dfe 15, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, Stenglinstrasse 2, 86156 Augsburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Mahner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistra\u00dfe 15, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2623-3235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Udo","family":"Jeschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistra\u00dfe 15, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, Stenglinstrasse 2, 86156 Augsburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helene H.","family":"Heidegger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistra\u00dfe 15, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12609","article-title":"Cancer of the vulva","volume":"143","author":"Rogers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. 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