{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:56:19Z","timestamp":1790834179315,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autoimmune cytopenias (AICy) and autoimmune diseases (AID) can complicate both lymphoid and myeloid neoplasms, and often represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. While autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) and immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) are well known, other rarer AICy (autoimmune neutropenia, aplastic anemia, and pure red cell aplasia) and AID (systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis, thyroiditis, and others) are poorly recognized. This review analyses the available literature of the last 30 years regarding the occurrence of AICy\/AID in different onco-hematologic conditions. The latter include chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), lymphomas, multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), myeloproliferative neoplasms, and acute leukemias. On the whole, AICy are observed in up to 10% of CLL and with higher frequencies in certain subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, whilst they occur in less than 1% of low-risk MDS and CMML. AID are described in up to 30% of myeloid and lymphoid patients, including immune-mediated hemostatic disorders (acquired hemophilia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and anti-phospholipid syndrome) that may be severe and fatal. Additionally, AICy\/AID are found in about 10% of patients receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplant or treatment with new checkpoint inhibitors. Besides the diagnostic difficulties, these AICy\/AID may complicate the clinical management of already immunocompromised patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13071532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T13:17:53Z","timestamp":1616764673000},"page":"1532","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Autoimmune Complications in Hematologic Neoplasms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Wilma","family":"Barcellini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juri Alessandro","family":"Giannotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0857-8379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Fattizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Oncology and Oncohematology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.01435","article-title":"Autoimmune Cytopenias in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Focus on Molecular Aspects","volume":"9","author":"Fattizzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barcellini, W., Zaninoni, A., Giannotta, J.A., and Fattizzo, B. (2020). New Insights in Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: From Pathogenesis to Therapy. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9123859"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2021.1850272","article-title":"Autoimmunity in common variable immunodeficiency: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Rizvi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00946","article-title":"The Changing Landscape of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia","volume":"11","author":"Barcellini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1080\/17474086.2020.1754791","article-title":"Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in adults: Primary risk factors and diagnostic procedures","volume":"13","author":"Barcellini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Abbas, A.K., Lichtman, A.H.H., and Pillai, S. (2017). Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Elsevier. [9th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2018.04.016","article-title":"Dysregulation of microRNAs in autoimmune diseases: Pathogenesis, biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets","volume":"428","author":"Long","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00367","article-title":"Role of Viral and Host microRNAs in Immune Regulation of Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Diseases","volume":"11","author":"Lizasa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2021.103289","article-title":"Recent insights into the role of the microbiome in malignant and benign hematologic diseases","volume":"160","author":"Fattizzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2011-130364","article-title":"A B cell explanation for autoimmune disease: The forbidden clone returns","volume":"88","author":"McQueen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.23785","article-title":"Autoimmune cytopenias in chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"89","author":"Visco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"197","article-title":"Prevalence and Pattern of Autoimmune Conditions in Patients with Marginal Zone Lymphoma: A Single Institution Experience","volume":"79","author":"Dasanu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Conn. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-002-0229-4","article-title":"Malignant lymphoma-associated autoimmune diseases\u2014A descriptive epidemiological study","volume":"22","author":"Gergely","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.3109\/10428190903556394","article-title":"Paraneoplastic autoimmune cytopenias in Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"51","author":"Lechner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2020.02.183","article-title":"Hemolytic Anemia as Presentation of T-Cell Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia After Kidney Transplantation: A Case Report","volume":"52","author":"Alfano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-012-1626-8","article-title":"Autoimmune hemolytic anemia with warm-reactive immunoglobulin M antibody in multicentric Castleman disease","volume":"92","author":"Tajima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mph.0000174031.63108.eb","article-title":"Development of cold agglutinin autoimmune hemolytic anemia during treatment for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"27","author":"Teachey","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"e63","article-title":"Cold agglutinin disease of IgA class as early manifestation of multiple myeloma and resolution after treatment with new anti-myeloma drugs","volume":"147","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.13187","article-title":"Autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors for cancer: 68 cases from the Food and Drug Administration database and review","volume":"102","author":"Tanios","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S33","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2008.12.004","article-title":"Recognizing and treating secondary immune thrombocytopenic purpura associated with lymphoproliferative disorders","volume":"46","author":"Liebman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.5144\/1658-3876.2011.100","article-title":"Successful treatment of steroid-refractory autoimmune thrombocytopenia associated with Castleman disease with anti-CD-20 antibody (rituximab)","volume":"4","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol. Stem Cell Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017221947","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2017-221947","article-title":"Treatment of immune thrombocytopenic purpura associated with cytomegalovirus infection in a child with pre-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia after central nervous system relapse","volume":"25","author":"Martinez","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"8825618","article-title":"Lenalidomide-Associated Immune Thrombocytopenia: A Case Report and Review of the Literature","volume":"2020","author":"Forehand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Rep. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reth.2020.03.005","article-title":"Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura treatment in a relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma patient after chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy","volume":"14","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Regen. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linaburg, T., Davis, A.R., Frey, N.V., Khawaja, M.R., Landsburg, D.J., Schuster, S.J., Svoboda, J., Li, Y., Borovskiy, Y., and Olson, T.S. (2019). Hodgkin lymphoma patients have an increased incidence of idiopathic acquired aplastic anemia. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215021"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2007.08.012","article-title":"Acquired amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia and pure red cell aplasia associated with an occult large granular lymphocyte leukemia","volume":"32","author":"Lai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-019-2225-2","article-title":"Adult T-type lymphoblastic lymphoma presenting as hypercalcemic crisis and aplastic anemia: A case report","volume":"13","author":"Essouma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"327","article-title":"Antithyroid drugs induced agranulocytosis and multiple myeloma: Case report and general considerations","volume":"6","author":"Ferechide","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Life"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"371","article-title":"Autoimmune cytopenias associated with malignancies and successfully treated with intravenous immune globulins: About two cases","volume":"55","author":"Alliot","year":"2000","journal-title":"Therapie"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-08-692590","article-title":"LGL leukemia: From pathogenesis to treatment","volume":"129","author":"Lamy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"828","article-title":"Clinical and immunologic aspects of B chronic lymphocytic leukemia associated with autoimmune disorders","volume":"8","author":"Duek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Isr. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-011-1807-1","article-title":"Malignant lymphomas and autoimmunity-a single center experience from Hungary","volume":"31","author":"Gergely","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1080\/0284186X.2019.1619936","article-title":"Autoimmune disease in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: Occurrence and impact on outcome","volume":"58","author":"Valachis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Oncol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2388","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.2502","article-title":"Multicentric Castleman disease with TAFRO syndrome and Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"373","article-title":"Proliferation of large granular lymphocytes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"195","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rev. Clin. Esp."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5851.92816","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory observation systemic lupus erythematosus and acute lymphocytic leukemia: An unusual case","volume":"32","author":"Maheshwari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Paediatr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/1042819021000037949","article-title":"Multiple myeloma associated with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"44","author":"Vaiopoulos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-014-2697-9","article-title":"T cell ALL presenting as seropositive rheumatoid arthritis: Case report and review of the literature on seropositive paraneoplastic arthritis","volume":"34","author":"Handy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2006.01.003","article-title":"Pathogenesis of neutropenia in large granular lymphocyte leukemia and Felty syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Burks","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2005.07.001","article-title":"Characterization of T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia associated with Sjogren\u2019s syndrome-an important but under-recognized association","volume":"35","author":"Friedman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-020-02505-7","article-title":"Acquired hemophilia A and plasma cell neoplasms: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"14","author":"Jalowiec","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1080\/10245332.2017.1319115","article-title":"Acquired hemophilia A: A review of recent data and new therapeutic options","volume":"22","author":"Franchini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3078","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2019.1612063","article-title":"Remission of acquired von Willebrand syndrome in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with venetoclax","volume":"60","author":"Innocenti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"210","article-title":"Successful treatment with rituximab in a patient with primary thymic MALT lymphoma complicated with acquired von Willebrand syndrome and Sj\u00f6gren syndrome","volume":"52","author":"Iwabuchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rinsho Ketsueki"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"543","article-title":"Clinical Features of Patients with Castleman\u2019s Disease Complicated Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15237","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000015237","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis-like active synovitis with T-cell activation in a case of idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease: A case report","volume":"98","author":"Otsuka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2006.06.012","article-title":"Members of CAPS Registry Group. The catastrophic antiphospholipid (Asherson\u2019s) syndrome and malignancies","volume":"6","author":"Miesbach","year":"2006","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-03-835413","article-title":"Short course of bortezomib in anemic patients with relapsed cold agglutinin disease: A phase 2 prospective GIMEMA study","volume":"132","author":"Rossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.649441","article-title":"The immunomodulatory effect and clinical efficacy of daratumumab in a patient with cold agglutinin disease","volume":"12","author":"Zaninoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/hon.2423","article-title":"The burden of autoimmunity in myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"36","author":"Fozza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"99","article-title":"Coombs negative haemolytic anaemia responding to intravenous immunoglobulins in a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Abela","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin. Lab. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1080\/17843286.2019.1608395","article-title":"Coombs-positive refractory acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in a patient with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia successfully treated with rituximab","volume":"75","author":"Krecak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Clin. Belg."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.3250","article-title":"Efficacy of eculizumab in refractory life-threatening warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia","volume":"8","author":"Gauchy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1159\/000507295","article-title":"Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia","volume":"105","author":"Hamamyh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-196908000-00004","article-title":"Coomb\u2019s positive hemolytic anemia in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia","volume":"258","author":"Khumbanonda","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1159\/000288294","article-title":"Disappearing myelodysplastic syndrome-associated hemolytic anemia in leukemic transformation","volume":"152","author":"Tabata","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2016.05.013","article-title":"Autoimmune and inflammatory diseases associated with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: A series of 26 cases and literature review","volume":"47","author":"Grignano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.12393","article-title":"Immune thrombocytopenia in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia","volume":"93","author":"Hadjadj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1080\/1042819031000123447","article-title":"Autoimmune thrombocytopenia in chronic myeloid leukemia treated with interferon-alpha: Differential diagnosis and possible pathogenesis","volume":"44","author":"Herishanu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17766","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000017766","article-title":"JAK2 V617F-positive essential thrombocythemia with subsequent development of immune thrombocytopenia: A case report","volume":"98","author":"Oda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2016.5549","article-title":"Multifactorial neutropenia in a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia and associated large granular lymphocyte expansion: A case report","volume":"13","author":"Reda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s12288-012-0173-8","article-title":"Successful management of chronic refractory immune thrombocytopenia with laparoscopic splenectomy in a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia","volume":"29","author":"Eskazan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Hematol. Blood Transfus."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2001.02925.x","article-title":"Successful treatment with cyclosporin A for myelodysplastic syndrome with erythroid hypoplasia associated with T-cell receptor gene rearrangements","volume":"114","author":"Shimamoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2004.020974","article-title":"Myelodysplastic syndrome with erythroid hypoplasia","volume":"58","author":"Goyal","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8652(199808)58:4<319::AID-AJH12>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Myelodysplastic syndrome with erythroid hypoplasia\/aplasia: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"58","author":"Pascual","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1159\/000508934","article-title":"Acquired Pure Red Cell Aplasia Associated with Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia: Too Many of One, Not Enough of the Other","volume":"13","author":"Gonsalves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Rep. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2008.08.011","article-title":"Sustained complete molecular remission after imatinib discontinuation due to severe aplastic anemia","volume":"33","author":"Collado","year":"2009","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kev294","article-title":"Systemic inflammatory and autoimmune manifestations associated with myelodysplastic syndromes and chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia: A French multicentre retrospective study","volume":"55","author":"Mekinian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.07.002","article-title":"On behalf MINHEMON (French Network of dysimmune disorders associated with hemopathies) and SNFMI. Vasculitis associated with myelodysplastic syndrome and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: French multicenter case-control study","volume":"50","author":"Roupie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2018.1542152","article-title":"On behalf GFM and MINHEMON (French Network of dysimmune disorders associated with hemopathies). Gastrointestinal Behcet\u2019s-like disease with myelodysplastic neoplasms with trisomy 8: A French case series and literature review","volume":"60","author":"Wesner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102446","article-title":"On behalf MINHEMON (French Network of dysimmune disorders associated with hemopathies). Giant-cell arteritis associated with myelodysplastic syndrome: French multicenter case control study and literature review","volume":"19","author":"Roupie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.13485","article-title":"Chronic relapsing remitting Sweet syndrome\u2014A harbinger of myelodysplastic syndrome","volume":"170","author":"Kulasekararaj","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2018.05.002","article-title":"Increased cardiovascular comorbidities in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia presenting with systemic inflammatory and autoimmune manifestations","volume":"55","author":"Kipfer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E280","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.24333","article-title":"Autoimmune diseases and myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"91","author":"Komrokji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.07.009","article-title":"Autoimmune diseases in myelodysplastic syndrome favors patients survival: A case control study and literature review","volume":"18","author":"Seguier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16790","article-title":"Prognostic scoring systems and comorbidities in chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia: A nationwide population-based study","volume":"192","author":"Kjellander","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galimberti, S., Baldini, C., Barat\u00e8, C., Fornili, M., Balducci, S., Ricci, F., Ferro, F., Elefante, E., Di Paolo, A., and Baglietto, L. (2021). Myeloid neoplasms and autoimmune diseases: Markers of association. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol., Epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/ddxmp9"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2016.59","article-title":"Increased prevalence of prior malignancies and autoimmune diseases in patients diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukemia","volume":"30","author":"Gunnarsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s11899-014-0227-0","article-title":"An immune dysregulation in MPN","volume":"9","author":"Barosi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Hematol. Malig. Rep."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"234","article-title":"Primary myelofibrosis but not autoimmune myelofibrosis accompanied by Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome and primary biliary cirrhosis in a patient with trisomy 8 mosaic: A case report and literature review","volume":"36","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"262","article-title":"A rare case of acquired hemophilia A associated with myelodysplastic syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Raval","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"4619406","article-title":"Myelodysplastic Syndrome Clinically Presenting with the \u201cClassic TTP Pentad\u201d","volume":"2017","author":"Guevara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Case Rep. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-013-0053-6","article-title":"Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia presenting as relapsing thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura","volume":"25","author":"Cai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e341","DOI":"10.1111\/hae.12714","article-title":"Chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia associated with acquired haemophilia A: Case report and literature review","volume":"21","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Haemophilia"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203320937349","article-title":"Probable catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome secondary to chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia in an adult patient and a mini review","volume":"29","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1177\/1078155214568580","article-title":"Secondary thrombotic microangiopathy in two patients with Philadelphia-positive hematological malignancies treated with imatinib mesylate","volume":"22","author":"Merieau","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Oncol. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2018.02.003","article-title":"Dasatinib-induced immune mediated-thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura","volume":"57","author":"Demirsoy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transfus. Apher. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.21949","article-title":"Acquired hemophilia: We now see it with myeloproliferative neoplasms","volume":"86","author":"Kremyanskaya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2017.0108","article-title":"Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Associated With Pegylated Interferon Alfa-2a Use in a Patient With Polycythemia Vera","volume":"15","author":"Gangaraju","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1097\/00043426-200405000-00015","article-title":"Childhood acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AML-M4) presenting as catastrophic antiphospholipid antibody syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Orsino","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.20323","article-title":"Acquired hemophilia in a patient affected by acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"79","author":"Fozza","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"2324709619872657","article-title":"Acute Myelogenous Leukemia With Trisomy 8 and Concomitant Acquired Factor VII Deficiency","volume":"7","author":"Moosavi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Investig. Med. High. Impact Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"e6869","article-title":"Acute Myeloid Leukemia Presenting As Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura","volume":"12","author":"Kucharik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-018-3472-9","article-title":"Autoimmune manifestations associated with myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"97","author":"Grignano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2012.09070.x","article-title":"Management of autoimmune diseases after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"157","author":"Holbro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2014.107","article-title":"Autoimmune cytopenias after umbilical cord blood transplantation in adults with hematological malignancies: A single-center experience","volume":"49","author":"Sanz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-02-336156","article-title":"EBMT Autoimmune Disease Working Party. Secondary autoimmune diseases occurring after HSCT for an autoimmune disease: A retrospective study of the EBMT Autoimmune Disease Working Party","volume":"118","author":"Daikeler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-07-035766","article-title":"Development of a secondary autoimmune disorder after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for autoimmune diseases: Role of conditioning regimen used","volume":"109","author":"Loh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.2147\/JBM.S190327","article-title":"Management of refractory autoimmune hemolytic anemia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Current perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Barcellini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Blood Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2018.02.005","article-title":"Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT): A retrospective analysis and a proposal of treatment on behalf of the Grupo Espa\u00f1ol De Trasplante de Medula Osea en Ni\u00f1os (GETMON) and the Grupo Espa\u00f1ol de Trasplante Hematopoyetico (GETH)","volume":"32","author":"Sanz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transfus. Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-06-651125","article-title":"Long-term remissions after FCR chemoimmunotherapy in previously untreated patients with CLL: Updated results of the CLL8 trial","volume":"127","author":"Fischer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.23268","article-title":"Low-dose alemtuzumab-associated immune thrombocytopenia in chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"87","author":"Reda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"166","article-title":"Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, adverse event to venetoclax","volume":"43","author":"Carriles","year":"2019","journal-title":"Farm. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"533","article-title":"Autoimmune mediated thrombocytopenia associated with the use of interferon-alpha in chronic myeloid leukemia","volume":"81","author":"Zuffa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Haematologica."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1703481","article-title":"Adverse Events Associated with Immune Checkpoint Blockade","volume":"378","author":"Postow","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2018.07.129","article-title":"Haematological toxicities with immunotherapy in patients with cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"103","author":"Petrelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.13281","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis and treatment recommendations for immune checkpoint inhibitor-related hematological adverse events","volume":"11","author":"Zhuang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thorac. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, B., and Morganstein, D.L. (2021). Endocrine toxicity of cancer immunotherapy: Clinical challenges. Endocr. Connect.","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-20-0489"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2020.11.005","article-title":"Neurological Complications of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Thoracic Malignancies","volume":"16","author":"Sechi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2018-0764","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Renal Toxicity: Illustrative Case and Review","volume":"24","author":"Sise","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.10.478","article-title":"Side-effect management of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy","volume":"32","author":"Schubert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E5","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.23861","article-title":"Old DAT and new data: Positive direct antiglobulin test identifies a subgroup with poor outcome among chronic lymphocytic leukemia stage A patients","volume":"90","author":"Quinquenel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.10210","article-title":"In vitro production of anti-RBC antibodies and cytokines in chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"71","author":"Barcellini","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.42.10.1088","article-title":"Erythrocyte autoantibodies, autoimmune haemolysis, and myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"42","author":"Sokol","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.10546","article-title":"Anti-erythroblast autoimmunity in early myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"92","author":"Barcellini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2594","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2019.1599114","article-title":"Autoantibodies in myelodysplastic syndromes and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia","volume":"60","author":"Fraison","year":"2019","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2013.09.001","article-title":"Increased prevalence of autoimmune phenomena in myelofibrosis: Relationship with clinical and morphological characteristics, and with immunoregulatory cytokine patterns","volume":"37","author":"Barcellini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.11.027","article-title":"Prevalence of definite antiphospholipid syndrome in carriers of the JAK2V617F mutation","volume":"198","author":"Janjetovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1649628","article-title":"Antiphospholipid antibodies: Prevalence, clinical significance and correlation to cytokine levels in acute myeloid leukemia and non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma","volume":"70","author":"Stasi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"559","article-title":"Association between antibodies reactive with neutrophils, rate of neutrophil engraftment, and incidence of post-engraftment neutropenia following BMT","volume":"18","author":"Klumpp","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/13\/7\/1532\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:41:29Z","timestamp":1760161289000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/13\/7\/1532"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers13071532"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers13071532","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]}}}