{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T21:42:33Z","timestamp":1793050953139,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,27]],"date-time":"2021-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pineal gland is a small, pinecone-shaped endocrine gland that participates in the biological rhythm regulation of vertebrates. The recognized major product of the pineal gland is melatonin\u2014a multifunctional endogenous indoleamine. Accumulating evidence suggests that the pineal gland is important for preserving ideal health conditions in vertebrate. Tumors of the pineal region account for approximately 3\u201311% of pediatric brain neoplasms but fewer than 1% of brain neoplasms in adults. It is fundamental to expand advanced imaging techniques together with both clinical and laboratory knowledge, to help to differentiate among pineal neoplasms and thus facilitate accurate primary diagnoses and proper therapeutic interventions. In this review, we report the gross anatomy of the pineal gland and its functional significance and discuss the clinical relevance of pineal gland tumors, underlining the importance of identifying the leading causes of pineal region masses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13071547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]],"date-time":"2021-03-28T22:09:01Z","timestamp":1616969341000},"page":"1547","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Pineal Gland Tumors: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6895-7106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaia","family":"Favero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7210-0308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Bonomini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Interdipartimental University Center of Research \u201cAdaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs (ARTO)\u201d, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7515-5846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Rezzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Interdipartimental University Center of Research \u201cAdaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs (ARTO)\u201d, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.31486\/toj.18.0110","article-title":"Biomarkers of pineal region tumors: A review","volume":"19","author":"Carr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ochsner J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.2217\/fon.10.28","article-title":"Histopathology of tumors of the pineal region","volume":"6","author":"Vasiljevic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Future Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2016.12.024","article-title":"Pineal germ cell tumors: Two cases with review of histopathologies and biomarkers","volume":"38","author":"Nagasawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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