{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T07:03:10Z","timestamp":1790492590999,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":207,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203930\/B\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203930\/B\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010414","name":"Health Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203930\/B\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203930\/B\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010414","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Disruptive Technologies Innovation Fund (Ireland)","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Next-generation cellular immunotherapies seek to improve the safety and efficacy of approved CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell products or apply their principles across a growing list of targets and diseases. Supported by promising early clinical experiences, CAR modified natural killer (CAR-NK) cell therapies represent a complementary and potentially off-the-shelf, allogeneic solution. While acute myeloid leukemia (AML) represents an intuitive disease in which to investigate CAR based immunotherapies, key biological differences to B-cell malignancies have complicated progress to date. As CAR-T cell trials treating AML are growing in number, several CAR-NK cell approaches are also in development. In this review we explore why CAR-NK cell therapies may be particularly suited to the treatment of AML. First, we examine the established role NK cells play in AML biology and the existing anti-leukemic activity of NK cell adoptive transfer. Next, we appraise potential AML target antigens and consider common and unique challenges posed relative to treating B-cell malignancies. We summarize the current landscape of CAR-NK development in AML, and potential targets to augment CAR-NK cell therapies pharmacologically and through genetic engineering. Finally, we consider the broader landscape of competing immunotherapeutic approaches to AML treatment. In doing so we evaluate the innate potential, status and remaining barriers for CAR-NK based AML immunotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13071568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T16:01:57Z","timestamp":1617033717000},"page":"1568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Realizing Innate Potential: CAR-NK Cell Therapies for Acute Myeloid Leukemia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mark","family":"Gurney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Apoptosis Research Center, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6173-7140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"O\u2019Dwyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Apoptosis Research Center, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"},{"name":"ONK Therapeutics Ltd., H91 V6KV Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-007-9097-2","article-title":"Patterns of leukemia incidence in the United States by subtype and demographic characteristics, 1997\u20132002","volume":"19","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-03-643544","article-title":"The 2016 revision to the World Health Organization classi fi cation of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia","volume":"127","author":"Arber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-09-801498","article-title":"Minimal\/measurable residual disease in AML: A consensus document from the European LeukemiaNet MRD Working Party","volume":"131","author":"Schuurhuis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.02.018","article-title":"Acute myeloid leukaemia in adult patients: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"31","author":"Heuser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. 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