{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T21:47:02Z","timestamp":1768772822797,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]],"date-time":"2021-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\/00497"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/00497"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) is an atrophic lesion of the prostate gland that occurs in men and dogs and is associated with a chronic inflammatory infiltrate. In this study, we retrospectively reviewed canine prostatic samples from intact dogs, identifying 50 normal prostates, 140 cases of prostatic hyperplasia, 171 cases of PIA, 84 with prostate cancer (PC), 14 with prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and 10 with bacterial prostatitis. PIA samples were then selected and classified according to the human classification. The presence of PIA lesions surrounding neoplastic areas was then evaluated to establish a morphological transition from normal to preneoplastic and neoplastic tissue. In addition, the expression of PTEN, P53, MDM2 and nuclear androgen receptor (AR) were analyzed in 20 normal samples and 20 PIA lesions by immunohistochemistry and qPCR. All PIA lesions showed variable degrees of mononuclear cell infiltration around the glands and simple atrophy was the most common histopathological feature. PIA was identified between normal glands and PC in 51 (61%) out of the 84 PC samples. PIA lesions were diffusely positive for molecular weight cytokeratin (HMWC). Decreased PTEN and AR gene and protein expression was found in PIA compared to normal samples. Overall, our results strongly suggest that PIA is a frequent lesion associated with PC. Additionally, this finding corroborates the hypothesis that in dogs, as is the case in humans, PIA is a pre neoplastic lesion that has the potential to progress into PC, indicating an alternative mechanism of prostate cancer development in dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13081887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]],"date-time":"2021-04-14T23:35:12Z","timestamp":1618443312000},"page":"1887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Proliferative Inflammatory Atrophy in Canine Prostatic Samples"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Giovana","family":"de Godoy Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University\u2014UNESP, Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2961-1027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruna","family":"Pedrina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University\u2014UNESP, Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"de Faria Lainetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University\u2014UNESP, Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Priscila Emiko","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University\u2014UNESP, Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ver\u00f4nica Mollica","family":"Govoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University\u2014UNESP, Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5791-6066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Palmieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gatton Campus, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7128-7035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veridiana Maria Brianezi Dignani","family":"de Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia 18531-883, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8653-7938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren\u00e9e","family":"Laufer-Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University\u2014UNESP, Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6702-6139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Eduardo","family":"Fonseca-Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University\u2014UNESP, Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University-UNIP, Bauru 17048-290, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgh317","article-title":"Prostate carcinogenesis and inflammation: Emerging insights","volume":"26","author":"Palapattu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-020-0267-9","article-title":"Prostate carcinogenesis: Inflammatory storms","volume":"20","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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