{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T20:09:04Z","timestamp":1780603744941,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,17]],"date-time":"2021-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thyrotoxicosis is an adverse event associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPis) that occurs in 0.6 to 3.2% of treated patients, depending on ICPi class. Presentation usually consists of a biphasic thyroiditis with transient thyrotoxicosis and secondary hypothyroidism. ICPi-induced Graves\u2019 disease (GD), due to the stimulating activity of TSH-receptor autoantibodies (TRAb), is extremely rare. The aim of this retrospective study was to describe the characteristics and evolution of GD during ICPi therapy. Five among 243 patients followed for ICPi-induced thyrotoxicosis showed TRAb positivity (2% of the cohort). GD occurred quickly after initiation of ICPis; its course was typical for two patients, with prolonged requirement for antithyroid drug treatment (ATD). The three other patients experienced biphasic thyroiditis with secondary hypothyroidism requiring long-term substitution. Three other patients had a diagnosis of GD before starting ICPis; they evolved toward hypothyroidism with early cessation of ATD and long-term substitution treatment during ICPi treatment. None developed significant Graves\u2019 orbitopathy. ICPi treatment was not interrupted for thyroid dysfunction. In conclusion, GD is a rare, immune-related adverse event of ICPis with an unusual course and frequent evolution to biphasic thyroiditis. In the case of ICPi-induced thyrotoxicosis in the presence of TRAb, observing the spontaneous evolution and performing a scintigraphy are useful before starting ATD treatment. Pre-existing GD is not exacerbated by ICPis and tends to evolve towards hypothyroidism. ICPi treatment can be maintained with adequate biochemical surveillance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13081944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,18]],"date-time":"2021-04-18T22:15:13Z","timestamp":1618784113000},"page":"1944","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Graves\u2019 Disease during Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy (A Case Series and Literature Review)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mathilde","family":"Peiffert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France"},{"name":"F\u00e9d\u00e9ration d\u2019Endocrinologie, H\u00f4pital Louis Pradel, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69500 Bron, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Cugnet-Anceau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019Endocrinologie-Diab\u00e8te-Nutrition, H\u00f4pital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69310 Pierre-B\u00e9nite, France"},{"name":"ImmuCare, Institut de Canc\u00e9rologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69002 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephane","family":"Dalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France"},{"name":"ImmuCare, Institut de Canc\u00e9rologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69002 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Service de Dermatologie, H\u00f4pital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69310 Pierre-B\u00e9nite, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karim","family":"Chikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Centre de Biologie Sud, H\u00f4pital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69310 Pierre-B\u00e9nite, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Souad","family":"Assaad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tox\u2019imm, Centre L\u00e9on B\u00e9rard, 69008 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Service d\u2019H\u00e9matologie et M\u00e9decine Interne, Centre L\u00e9on Berard, 69008 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Disse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Service d\u2019Endocrinologie-Diab\u00e8te-Nutrition, H\u00f4pital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69310 Pierre-B\u00e9nite, France"},{"name":"INSERM U1060, INRA 1397, INSA Lyon, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes (CRNH RA), CarMeN Laboratory, 69310 Pierre-B\u00e9nite, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9517-338X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00e9rald","family":"Raverot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France"},{"name":"F\u00e9d\u00e9ration d\u2019Endocrinologie, H\u00f4pital Louis Pradel, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69500 Bron, France"},{"name":"INSERM U1052, CNRS, UMR5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2515-7840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fran\u00e7oise","family":"Borson-Chazot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France"},{"name":"F\u00e9d\u00e9ration d\u2019Endocrinologie, H\u00f4pital Louis Pradel, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69500 Bron, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliette","family":"Abeillon-du Payrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"F\u00e9d\u00e9ration d\u2019Endocrinologie, H\u00f4pital Louis Pradel, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69500 Bron, France"},{"name":"ImmuCare, Institut de Canc\u00e9rologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69002 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaddepally, R.K., Kharel, P., Pandey, R., Garje, R., and Chandra, P.A. (2020). Review of Indications of FDA-Approved Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors per NCCN Guidelines with the Level of Evidence. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12030738"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32132","article-title":"A systematic review of adverse events in randomized trials assessing immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"145","author":"Maillet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0000000000000293","article-title":"Endocrinological side-effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"28","author":"Torino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.205","article-title":"Cancer immunotherapy\u2014immune checkpoint blockade and associated endocrinopathies","volume":"13","author":"Byun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0843-3366","article-title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Endocrine-Related Adverse Events Associated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors","volume":"51","author":"Andreescu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2017.3064","article-title":"Incidence of Endocrine Dysfunction Following the Use of Different Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Regimens","volume":"4","author":"Barry","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13297","article-title":"Thyroid abnormalities following the use of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 and programmed death receptor protein-1 inhibitors in the treatment of melanoma","volume":"86","author":"Morganstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.2217\/imt-2016-0147","article-title":"Risk of endocrine adverse events in cancer patients treated with PD-1 inhibitors: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Shang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunotherapy."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bulcan.2019.10.005","article-title":"Les dysthyro\u00efdies sous immunoth\u00e9rapie anti-canc\u00e9reuse","volume":"107","author":"Anceau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00006","article-title":"Endocrine Toxicity of Cancer Immunotherapy Targeting Immune Checkpoints","volume":"40","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2017-0375","article-title":"Incidence of Thyroid Function Test Abnormalities in Patients Receiving Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors for Cancer Treatment","volume":"23","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncologist."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13063","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related hypophysitis and endocrine dysfunction: Clinical review","volume":"85","author":"Joshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.31200","article-title":"Endocrine dysfunction induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors: Practical recommendations for diagnosis and clinical management","volume":"124","author":"Ott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)70122-1","article-title":"Adjuvant ipilimumab versus placebo after complete resection of high-risk stage III melanoma (EORTC 18071): A randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial","volume":"16","author":"Eggermont","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-18-0320","article-title":"French Endocrine Society Guidance on endocrine side effects of immunotherapy","volume":"26","author":"Castinetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr.-Related Cancer"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iv119","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx225","article-title":"Management of toxicities from immunotherapy: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"28","author":"Haanen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-17-0208","article-title":"Characterization of Thyroid Disorders in Patients Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibition Therapy","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2770","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00448","article-title":"Pembrolizumab-Induced Thyroiditis: Comprehensive Clinical Review and Insights Into Underlying Involved Mechanisms","volume":"102","author":"Delivanis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4431","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-2300","article-title":"Incidence of Thyroid-Related Adverse Events in Melanoma Patients Treated With Pembrolizumab","volume":"101","author":"Jansen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levy, M., Abeillon, J., Dalle, S., Assaad, S., Borson-Chazot, F., Disse, E., Raverot, G., and Cugnet-Anceau, C. (2020). Anti-PD1 and Anti-PDL1-Induced Hypophysitis: A Cohort Study of 17 Patients with Longitudinal Follow-Up. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9103280"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2018.08.002","article-title":"Diagnostic procedure in suspected Graves\u2019 disease","volume":"79","author":"Goichot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. d\u2019Endocrinologie"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1159\/000443828","article-title":"The 2016 European Thyroid Association\/European Group on Graves\u2019 Orbitopathy Guidelines for the Management of Graves\u2019 Orbitopathy","volume":"5","author":"Bartalena","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Thyroid. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.10.005","article-title":"Epidemiology of Graves\u2019 orbitopathy (GO) and relationship with thyroid disease","volume":"26","author":"Lazarus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Best Pr. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2020.101388","article-title":"Graves\u2019 disease: Clinical manifestations, immune pathogenesis (cytokines and chemokines) and therapy","volume":"34","author":"Antonelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Best Pr. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2012.10","article-title":"Autoimmunity and Graves\u2019 disease","volume":"91","author":"Bahn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2017.0062","article-title":"Anti-PD-1 Antibody Therapy Induces Hashimoto\u2019s Disease with an Increase in Peripheral Blood Follicular Helper T Cells","volume":"27","author":"Torimoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thyroid."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2017.11.002","article-title":"Unique cytologic features of thyroiditis caused by immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for malignant melanoma","volume":"5","author":"Angell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genes Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2201","article-title":"Alemtuzumab-Related Thyroid Dysfunction in a Phase 2 Trial of Patients With Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"99","author":"Daniels","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.3109\/01676830.2014.949792","article-title":"Thyroid-Like Ophthalmopathy in a Euthyroid Patient Receiving Ipilimumab","volume":"33","author":"McElnea","year":"2014","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-10-0833","article-title":"Thyroid autoimmunity and ophthalmopathy related to melanoma biological therapy","volume":"164","author":"Min","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e87","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0b013e3181ef72a1","article-title":"Drug-Induced Graves Disease From CTLA-4 Receptor Suppression","volume":"27","author":"Borodic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.3109\/07435800.2013.879167","article-title":"CTLA-4 CT60(rs3087243) polymorphism and autoimmune thyroid diseases susceptibility: A comprehensive meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Ni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5385","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020492","article-title":"The Genetics of Autoimmune Thyroid Disease","volume":"87","author":"Vaidya","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01621","article-title":"Association of the T-cell regulatory gene CTLA4 with susceptibility to autoimmune disease","volume":"423","author":"Ueda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2087525","article-title":"Treatment of Ipilimumab Induced Graves\u2019 Disease in a Patient with Metastatic Melanoma","volume":"2016","author":"Azmat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1159\/000464285","article-title":"Tremelimumab-Induced Graves Hyperthyroidism","volume":"6","author":"Gan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Thyroid. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1159\/000501824","article-title":"Graves\u2019 Disease Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Case Report and Review of the Literature","volume":"8","author":"Brancatella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Thyroid. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2314032","article-title":"A Case Report of Graves\u2019 Disease Induced by the Anti-Human Programmed Cell Death-1 Monoclonal Antibody Pembrolizumab in a Bladder Cancer Patient","volume":"2019","author":"Yajima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Case Rep. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00813","article-title":"Nivolumab Induced Thyroid Dysfunction: Unusual Clinical Presentation and Challenging Diagnosis","volume":"9","author":"Iadarola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-020-00613-5","article-title":"New-onset graves\u2019 disease after the initiation of nivolumab therapy for gastric cancer: A case report","volume":"20","author":"Yamada","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Endocr. Disord."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13212","article-title":"Simultaneous development of Graves\u2019 disease and type 1 diabetes during anti-programmed cell death-1 therapy: A case report","volume":"11","author":"Kurihara","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000001161","article-title":"Extraocular Muscle Enlargement and Thyroid Eye Disease-like Orbital Inflammation Associated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy in Cancer Patients","volume":"35","author":"Sagiv","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2018.01.006","article-title":"A case of Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy associated with pembrolizumab (Keytruda) therapy","volume":"22","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Assoc. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strabismus"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1159\/000485742","article-title":"Severe Inflammatory Ophthalmopathy in a Euthyroid Patient during Nivolumab Treatment","volume":"7","author":"Campredon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Thyroid. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002181","article-title":"CHECKPOINT INHIBITOR IMMUNE THERAPY","volume":"38","author":"Dalvin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retin."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-13-0499","article-title":"Endocrine-related adverse events following ipilimumab in patients with advanced melanoma: A comprehensive retrospective review from a single institution","volume":"21","author":"Ryder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrine-Related Cancer"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-4560","article-title":"Induction of Painless Thyroiditis in Patients Receiving Programmed Death 1 Receptor Immunotherapy for Metastatic Malignancies","volume":"100","author":"Orlov","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1225","article-title":"Potential Risk Factors for Nivolumab-induced Thyroid Dysfunction","volume":"31","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vivo"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1003466","article-title":"Improved Survival with Ipilimumab in Patients with Metastatic Melanoma","volume":"363","author":"Hodi","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1503093","article-title":"Pembrolizumab versus Ipilimumab in Advanced Melanoma","volume":"372","author":"Robert","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.03.285","article-title":"Autoimmune diseases and immune-checkpoint inhibitors for cancer therapy: Review of the literature and personalized risk-based prevention strategy","volume":"31","author":"Haanen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-2073","article-title":"Use of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in the Treatment of Patients With Cancer and Preexisting Autoimmune Disease","volume":"168","author":"Shah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2017.12.008","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of anti-programmed death 1 antibodies in patients with cancer and pre-existing autoimmune or inflammatory disease","volume":"91","author":"Danlos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1210\/js.2017-00432","article-title":"Patients With Antithyroid Antibodies Are Prone To Develop Destructive Thyroiditis by Nivolumab: A Prospective Study","volume":"2","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Endocr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1035","article-title":"Predictive Factors of Nivolumab-induced Hypothyroidism in Patients with Non-small Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"31","author":"Maekura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vivo"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdw640","article-title":"Antibody-mediated thyroid dysfunction during T-cell checkpoint blockade in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"28","author":"Osorio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3583","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13800","article-title":"Association of antithyroglobulin antibodies with the development of thyroid dysfunction induced by nivolumab","volume":"109","author":"Kimbara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2017.2925","article-title":"Association of Immune-Related Adverse Events With Nivolumab Efficacy in Non\u2013Small-Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"4","author":"Haratani","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.66.1389","article-title":"Safety Profile of Nivolumab Monotherapy: A Pooled Analysis of Patients With Advanced Melanoma","volume":"35","author":"Weber","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-1136","article-title":"Nivolumab in Resected and Unresectable Metastatic Melanoma: Characteristics of Immune-Related Adverse Events and Association with Outcomes","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0562","article-title":"Clinical Features of Nivolumab-Induced Thyroiditis: A Case Series Study","volume":"27","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thyroid."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrelli, F., Signorelli, D., Ghidini, M., Ghidini, A., Pizzutilo, E.G., Ruggieri, L., Cabiddu, M., Borgonovo, K., Dognini, G., and Brighenti, M. (2020). Association of Steroids Use with Survival in Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12030546"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.00189","article-title":"Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Outcomes for Patients With Non\u2013Small-Cell Lung Cancer Receiving Baseline Corticosteroids for Palliative Versus Nonpalliative Indications","volume":"37","author":"Ricciuti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.77.6385","article-title":"Management of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"36","author":"Brahmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. J."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/13\/8\/1944\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:49:19Z","timestamp":1760161759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/13\/8\/1944"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,17]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers13081944"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers13081944","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,17]]}}}