{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T11:19:24Z","timestamp":1790507964166,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease driven by impaired differentiation of hematopoietic primitive cells toward myeloid lineages (monocytes, granulocytes, red blood cells, platelets), leading to expansion and accumulation of \u201cstem\u201d and\/or \u201cprogenitor\u201d-like or differentiated leukemic cells in the bone marrow and blood. AML progression alters the bone marrow microenvironment and inhibits hematopoiesis\u2019 proper functioning, causing sustained cytopenia and immunodeficiency. This review describes how the AML microenvironment influences lymphoid lineages, particularly T lymphocytes that originate from the thymus and orchestrate adaptive immune response. We focus on the elderly population, which is mainly affected by this pathology. We discuss how a permissive AML microenvironment can alter and even worsen the thymic function, T cells\u2019 peripheral homeostasis, phenotype, and functions. Based on the recent findings on the mechanisms supporting that AML induces quantitative and qualitative changes in T cells, we suggest and summarize current immunotherapeutic strategies and challenges to overcome these anomalies to improve the anti-leukemic immune response and the clinical outcome of patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13102385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T10:54:22Z","timestamp":1620989662000},"page":"2385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Is It T Time?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Meriem Ben","family":"Ben Khoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CANTHER \u201cCANcer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to THERapies\u201d, 1 Place de Verdun, CEDEX, 59045 Lille, France"},{"name":"Institut Pour la Recherche Sur Le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), 1 Place de Verdun, CEDEX, 59045 Lille, France"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de Lille, 59045 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9179-0447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiziano","family":"Ingegnere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CANTHER \u201cCANcer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to THERapies\u201d, 1 Place de Verdun, CEDEX, 59045 Lille, France"},{"name":"Institut Pour la Recherche Sur Le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), 1 Place de Verdun, CEDEX, 59045 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6563-2709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Quesnel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CANTHER \u201cCANcer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to THERapies\u201d, 1 Place de Verdun, CEDEX, 59045 Lille, France"},{"name":"Institut Pour la Recherche Sur Le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), 1 Place de Verdun, CEDEX, 59045 Lille, France"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de Lille, 59045 Lille, France"},{"name":"Service des Maladies du Sang, CHU de Lille, 59045 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suman","family":"Mitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CANTHER \u201cCANcer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to THERapies\u201d, 1 Place de Verdun, CEDEX, 59045 Lille, France"},{"name":"Institut Pour la Recherche Sur Le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), 1 Place de Verdun, CEDEX, 59045 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4104-7732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carine","family":"Brinster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CANTHER \u201cCANcer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to THERapies\u201d, 1 Place de Verdun, CEDEX, 59045 Lille, France"},{"name":"Institut Pour la Recherche Sur Le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), 1 Place de Verdun, CEDEX, 59045 Lille, France"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de Lille, 59045 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-08-733196","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of AML in adults: 2017 ELN recommendations from an international expert panel","volume":"129","author":"Estey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(96)80543-3","article-title":"Thymic involution with ageing: Obsolescence or good housekeeping?","volume":"17","author":"George","year":"1996","journal-title":"Immunol. 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