{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:48:36Z","timestamp":1791301716555,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Primary CNS lymphomas (PCNSL) represent a group of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas and secondary CNS lymphomas refer to secondary involvement of the neuroaxis by systemic disease. CNS lymphomas are associated with limited prognosis even after aggressive multimodal therapy. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells have proven as a promising therapeutic avenue in hematological B-cell malignancies including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and mantle-cell lymphoma. CARs endow an autologous T-cell population with MHC-unrestricted effectivity against tumor target antigens such as the pan B-cell marker CD19. In PCNSL, compelling and long-lasting anti-tumor effects of such therapy have been shown in murine immunocompromised models. In clinical studies on CAR T-cells for CNS lymphoma, only limited data are available and often include both patients with PCNSL but also patients with secondary CNS lymphoma. Several clinical trials on CAR T-cell therapy for primary and secondary CNS lymphoma are currently ongoing. Extrapolated from the available preliminary data, an overall acceptable safety profile with considerable anti-tumor effects might be expected. Whether these beneficial anti-tumor effects are as long-lasting as in animal models is currently in doubt; and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment of the brain may be among the most pivotal factors limiting efficacy of CAR T-cell therapy in CNS lymphoma. Based on an increasing understanding of CAR T-cell interactions with the tumor cells as well as the cerebral tissue, modifications of CAR design or the combination of CAR T-cell therapy with other therapeutic approaches may aid to release the full therapeutic efficiency of CAR T-cells. CAR T-cells may therefore emerge as a novel treatment strategy in primary and secondary CNS lymphoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13102503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T11:45:57Z","timestamp":1621511157000},"page":"2503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["CAR T-Cells for CNS Lymphoma: Driving into New Terrain?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1254-5310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Karschnia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neuro-Oncology, Ludwig Maximilians University School of Medicine, Marchioninistrasse, 1581377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Blobner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neuro-Oncology, Ludwig Maximilians University School of Medicine, Marchioninistrasse, 1581377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7153-7994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nico","family":"Teske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neuro-Oncology, Ludwig Maximilians University School of Medicine, Marchioninistrasse, 1581377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Sch\u00f6berl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University School of Medicine, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Fitzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neuro-Oncology, Ludwig Maximilians University School of Medicine, Marchioninistrasse, 1581377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Dreyling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Hematology &amp; Oncology Division and Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Ludwig-Maximilians-University School of Medicine, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joerg-Christian","family":"Tonn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neuro-Oncology, Ludwig Maximilians University School of Medicine, Marchioninistrasse, 1581377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niklas","family":"Thon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neuro-Oncology, Ludwig Maximilians University School of Medicine, Marchioninistrasse, 1581377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9154-9469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marion","family":"Subklewe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Hematology &amp; Oncology Division and Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Ludwig-Maximilians-University School of Medicine, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Gene Center of the LMU Munich, Laboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louisa","family":"von Baumgarten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neuro-Oncology, Ludwig Maximilians University School of Medicine, Marchioninistrasse, 1581377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University School of Medicine, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32834","article-title":"Primary Dural Lymphomas: Clinical Presentation, Management, and Outcome","volume":"126","author":"Karschnia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iv1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noy131","article-title":"CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2011\u20132015","volume":"20","author":"Ostrom","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4314","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30965","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma","volume":"123","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-03-321349","article-title":"How I Treat Primary CNS Lymphoma","volume":"118","author":"Ferreri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1994.81.2.0188","article-title":"Preirradiation Methotrexate Chemotherapy of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma: Long-Term Outcome","volume":"81","author":"Glass","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. 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