{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:08:37Z","timestamp":1791216517572,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":216,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many anticancer active compounds are known to have the capacity to destroy pathologically proliferating cancer cells in the body, as well as to destroy rapidly proliferating normal cells. Despite remarkable advances in cancer research over the past few decades, the inclusion of natural compounds in researches as potential drug candidates is becoming increasingly important. However, the perception that the natural is reliable is an issue that needs to be clarified. Among the various chemical classes of natural products, anthraquinones have many biological activities and have also been proven to exhibit a unique anticancer activity. Emodin, an anthraquinone derivative, is a natural compound found in the roots and rhizomes of many plants. The anticancer property of emodin, a broad-spectrum inhibitory agent of cancer cells, has been detailed in many biological pathways. In cancer cells, these molecular mechanisms consist of suppressing cell growth and proliferation through the attenuation of oncogenic growth signaling, such as protein kinase B (AKT), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), HER-2 tyrosine kinase, Wnt\/-catenin, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). However, it is known that emodin, which shows toxicity to cancer cells, may cause kidney toxicity, hepatotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity especially at high doses and long-term use. At the same time, studies of emodin, which has poor oral bioavailability, to transform this disadvantage into an advantage with nano-carrier systems reveal that natural compounds are not always directly usable compounds. Consequently, this review aimed to shed light on the anti-proliferative and anti-carcinogenic properties of emodin, as well as its potential toxicities and the advantages of drug delivery systems on bioavailability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13112733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T21:42:06Z","timestamp":1622497326000},"page":"2733","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["Is Emodin with Anticancer Effects Completely Innocent? Two Sides of the Coin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5829-7869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esra K\u00fcpeli","family":"Akkol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara 06330, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iffet Irem","family":"Tatl\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5829-6914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00f6k\u00e7e \u015eeker","family":"Karatoprak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1676-2443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osman Tuncay","family":"A\u011far","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, S\u00fcleyman Demirel University, Isparta 32200, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c7i\u011fdem","family":"Y\u00fccel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2790-2544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Sobarzo-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n y Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago 8330507, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3335-1822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Capasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Universit\u00e0 100, 80055 Portici, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomed.2012.03.003","article-title":"Anticancer potential of emodin","volume":"2","author":"Hsu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.4161\/cbt.7.3.5584","article-title":"Chemosensitization by emodin, a plant-derived anticancer agent: Mechanism of action","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. 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