{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T01:08:54Z","timestamp":1791421734589,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,24]],"date-time":"2021-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Current radiomic studies of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are typically based on datasets combining tumors from different locations, assuming that the radiomic features are similar based on histopathologic characteristics. However, molecular pathogenesis and treatment in HNSCC substantially vary across different tumor sites. It is not known if a statistical difference exists between radiomic features from different tumor sites and how they affect machine learning model performance in endpoint prediction. To answer these questions, we extracted radiomic features from contrast-enhanced neck computed tomography scans (CTs) of 605 patients with HNSCC originating from the oral cavity, oropharynx, and hypopharynx\/larynx. The difference in radiomic features of tumors from these sites was assessed using statistical analyses and Random Forest classifiers on the radiomic features with 10-fold cross-validation to predict tumor sites, nodal metastasis, and HPV status. We found statistically significant differences (p-value \u2264 0.05) between the radiomic features of HNSCC depending on tumor location. We also observed that differences in quantitative features among HNSCC from different locations impact the performance of machine learning models. This suggests that radiomic features may reveal biologic heterogeneity complementary to current gold standard histopathologic evaluation. We recommend considering tumor site in radiomic studies of HNSCC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13153723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,25]],"date-time":"2021-07-25T22:06:21Z","timestamp":1627250781000},"page":"3723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Site-Specific Variation in Radiomic Features of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Its Impact on Machine Learning Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xiaoyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Princess Margaret Hospital, University of Toronto, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhad","family":"Maleki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Augmented Intelligence & Precision Health Laboratory (AIPHL), Department of Radiology and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikesh","family":"Muthukrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Augmented Intelligence & Precision Health Laboratory (AIPHL), Department of Radiology and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5956-7739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie","family":"Ovens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Augmented Intelligence & Precision Health Laboratory (AIPHL), Department of Radiology and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shao Hui","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princess Margaret Hospital, University of Toronto, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada"},{"name":"Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8835-1857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Almudena","family":"P\u00e9rez-Lara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Segal Cancer Centre & Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Griselda","family":"Romero-Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Segal Cancer Centre & Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahir Rai","family":"Bhatnagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Augmented Intelligence & Precision Health Laboratory (AIPHL), Department of Radiology and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3536-670X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Avishek","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics Unit, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6490-4189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc Philippe","family":"Pusztaszeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3Y 1E2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Spatz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3Y 1E2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"Batist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Segal Cancer Centre & Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4628-0370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyedmehdi","family":"Payabvash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan P.","family":"Haider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6532-2209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amit","family":"Mahajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Reinhold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Augmented Intelligence & Precision Health Laboratory (AIPHL), Department of Radiology and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Behzad","family":"Forghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Augmented Intelligence & Precision Health Laboratory (AIPHL), Department of Radiology and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada"},{"name":"Segal Cancer Centre & Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"O\u2019Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princess Margaret Hospital, University of Toronto, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada"},{"name":"Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princess Margaret Hospital, University of Toronto, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Forghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Augmented Intelligence & Precision Health Laboratory (AIPHL), Department of Radiology and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada"},{"name":"Segal Cancer Centre & Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.23724","article-title":"Current treatment of head and neck squamous cell cancer","volume":"110","author":"Belcher","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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