{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T19:06:06Z","timestamp":1793473566053,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL) is a rare variant of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL), mostly of diffuse large B cell lymphoma, which affects the retina and\/or the vitreous with or without optic nerve involvement. The disease course is aggressive. Up to 90% of the patients develop central nervous system lymphoma within one year. The diagnosis of VRL is challenging due to nonspecific chronic and relapsing uveitis and is made by anterior chamber tab or vitreous aspirate biopsy. There is no established treatment protocol for VRL patients with bilateral involvement without CNS involvement. There are suggestions to use only intravitreal chemotherapy with methotrexate and\/or rituximab. Alternatively, systemic high-dose MTX treatment or external beam radiotherapy is used. Further studies are needed to prove and confirm the prophylactic systemic therapy in preventing CNS involvement in limited VRL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13163921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T03:57:41Z","timestamp":1628049461000},"page":"3921","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Vitreoretinal Lymphoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8643-6873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianka","family":"Sobolewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Ophthalmology, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soon-Phaik","family":"Chee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore 168751, Singapore"},{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore 168751, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 168751, Singapore"},{"name":"Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 168751, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma","family":"Zaguia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debra Anne","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4756-5493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justine R.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Falko","family":"Fend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8240-4134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manabu","family":"Mochizuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miyata Eye Hospital, Miyakonojo, Miyazaki 885-0051, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Zierhut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Ophthalmology, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2009.01797.x","article-title":"Diagnosis of systemic metastatic retinal lymphoma","volume":"89","author":"Cao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2019.100484","article-title":"Systemic anti-CD20 (rituximab) as primary treatment for symptomatic primary uveal lymphoma","volume":"15","author":"Elner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. 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