{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T06:20:07Z","timestamp":1791613207559,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004606","name":"Chang Gung Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPVVK0022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPVVK0022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The incidence of thyroid cancer has increased substantially worldwide. However, the overall mortality risk and actual causes of death in thyroid cancer patients have not been extensively evaluated. In this study, patients with thyroid cancer diagnosed between 2001 and 2017 were analyzed from Taiwan\u2019s National Health Insurance Research Database. We compared these patients with control subjects matched for age, gender, history of cardiovascular disease (CVD), hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and occupation to assess the risk of overall mortality and cause-specific mortality. Finally, our cohort comprised 30,778 patients with thyroid cancer. Three hundred and ninety-eight deaths (1.29%) occurred during a median follow-up of 60.0 months (range: 30.3 to 117.6 months). The primary cause of death was thyroid cancer mortality (31.2%), followed by other malignancy-related mortality (29.9%) and CVD mortality (12.3%). The overall mortality risk was similar between the thyroid cancer and control groups (unadjusted hazard ratio (HR): 0.98; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.88\u20131.10); the adjusted HR was 1.07 (95% CI: 0.95\u20131.20) after multivariate adjustment for age, gender, history of CVD, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and occupation. The risk of other malignancy-related mortality was comparable between two groups. CVD mortality risk was lower in the thyroid cancer group, with an unadjusted HR of 0.51 (95% CI: 0.38\u20130.69) and adjusted HR of 0.56 (95% CI: 0.42\u20130.76). In conclusion, patients with thyroid cancer had excellent overall survival. Thyroid cancer-specific mortality was the leading cause of death, highlighting the importance of thyroid cancer management. Thyroid cancer patients had lower CVD mortality risk than the general population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13163955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T09:35:32Z","timestamp":1628156132000},"page":"3955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Survival and Death Causes in Thyroid Cancer in Taiwan: A Nationwide Case\u2013Control Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yu-Ling","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, New Taipei City 230617, Taiwan"},{"name":"Endocrinology & Metabolism Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan City 333423, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333323, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8877-9685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shu-Fu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, New Taipei City 230617, Taiwan"},{"name":"Endocrinology & Metabolism Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan City 333423, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333323, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4580-550X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming-Hsien","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, New Taipei City 230617, Taiwan"},{"name":"Endocrinology & Metabolism Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan City 333423, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333323, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Yin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, New Taipei City 230617, Taiwan"},{"name":"Endocrinology & Metabolism Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan City 333423, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333323, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pai-Wei","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Big Data Analytics and Statistics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan City 333423, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shang-Hung","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333323, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Big Data Analytics and Statistics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan City 333423, Taiwan"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan City 333423, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3224-7238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Tung","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Big Data Analytics and Statistics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan City 333423, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-00414-9","article-title":"Understanding the ever-changing incidence of thyroid cancer","volume":"16","author":"Kitahara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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