{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T13:51:36Z","timestamp":1790344296064,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]],"date-time":"2021-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004097","name":"Fondation ARC pour la Recherche sur le Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LEADERS DE DEMAIN EN ONCOLOGIE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LEADERS DE DEMAIN EN ONCOLOGIE"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004097","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a classical inflammation-promoted cancer that occurs in a setting of liver diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or alcoholic liver disease (ALD). These pathologies share key characteristics, notably intestinal dysbiosis, increased intestinal permeability and an imbalance in bile acids, choline, fatty acids and ethanol metabolites. Translocation of microbial- and danger-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs and DAMPs) from the gut to the liver elicits profound chronic inflammation, leading to severe hepatic injury and eventually HCC progression. In this review, we first describe how the gut and the liver communicate and discuss mechanisms by which the intestinal microbiota elicit hepatic inflammation and HCC. We focus on the role of microbial products, e.g., MAMPs, host inflammatory effectors and host\u2013microbiome-derived metabolites in tumor-promoting mechanisms, including cell death and senescence. Last, we explore the potential of harnessing the microbiota to treat liver diseases and HCC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13174342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]],"date-time":"2021-08-27T09:53:23Z","timestamp":1630058003000},"page":"4342","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Host\u2013Microbiota Interactions in Liver Inflammation and Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Julie","family":"Giraud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ImmunoConcEpT, CNRS, UMR 5164, University of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1538-9146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maya","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ImmunoConcEpT, CNRS, UMR 5164, University of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.655697","article-title":"Hepatocellular Carcinoma Immune Landscape and the Potential of Immunotherapies","volume":"12","author":"Giraud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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