{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:24:42Z","timestamp":1760235882004,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple myeloma (MM) remains largely incurable despite enormous improvement in the outcome of patients. Over the past decade, we have witnessed the \u201cera of monoclonal antibody (moAb)\u201d, setting new benchmarks in clinical outcomes for relapsed and newly diagnosed MM. Due to their excellent efficacy and relative safe toxicity profile, moAbs in combination with immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) and proteasome inhibitors (PIs) have become the new backbone of upfront anti-MM therapy. Yet, most patients will eventually relapse and patients who become refractory to IMiDs, PIs and moAbs have a dismal outcome. Emerging T-cell directing therapies, such as bispecific antibody (bsAb) and chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR T) have shown unprecedented responses and outcomes in these heavily pretreated and treatment-refractory patients. Their clinical efficacy combined with high tolerability will likely lead to the use of these agents earlier in the treatment course and there is great enthusiasm that a combination of T cell directed therapy with moAbs can lead to long duration remission in the near future, possibly even without the need of high dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation. Herein, we summarize the role of naked moAbs in MM in the context of newer immunotherapeutic agents like bsAb and CAR T therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13194909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:03:42Z","timestamp":1632960222000},"page":"4909","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Role of Monoclonal Antibodies in the Era of Bi-Specifics Antibodies and CAR T Cell Therapy in Multiple Myeloma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Meera","family":"Mohan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Divicion of Hematology\/Oncology, Froedtert Clinical Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theresa Camille","family":"Maatman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divicion of Hematology\/Oncology, Froedtert Clinical Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2699-1741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Schinke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Myeloma Center, Division of Hematology\/Oncology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019000524","article-title":"Long-term outcomes after autologous stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma","volume":"4","author":"Nishimura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.145.3.878","article-title":"CD38 molecule: Structural and biochemical analysis on human T lymphocytes, thymocytes, and plasma cells","volume":"145","author":"Alessio","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. 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