{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:01:45Z","timestamp":1792803705207,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]],"date-time":"2021-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Torsten and Ragnar S\u00f6derbergs Foundations","award":["MF14\/10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MF14\/10"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03f1pm042","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Swedish Research Council","award":["2016-0484, 2019-01736"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-0484, 2019-01736"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03zttf063","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Swedish Research Council Framework Grant in Infections and Antibiotics","award":["K2014-99X-22627-01-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2014-99X-22627-01-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03zttf063","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012538","name":"Swedish Cancer Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5044-B05-01XAB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5044-B05-01XAB"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012538","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glioblastoma is a malignant brain tumor with a dismal prognosis. The standard treatment has not changed in the past 15 years as clinical trials of new treatment protocols have failed. A high prevalence of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in glioblastomas was first reported in 2002. The virus was found only in the tumor and not in the surrounding healthy brain tissue. Many groups have confirmed the presence of the HCMV in glioblastomas, but others could not. To resolve this discrepancy, we systematically reviewed 645 articles identified in different databases. Of these, 81 studies included results from 247 analyses of 9444 clinical samples (7024 tumor samples and 2420 blood samples) by different techniques, and 81 articles included 191 studies that identified the HCMV in 2529 tumor samples (36% of all tumor samples). HCMV proteins were often detected, whereas HCMV nucleic acids were not reliably detected by PCR methods. Optimized immunohistochemical techniques identified the virus in 1391 (84,2%) of 1653 samples. These data suggest that the HCMV is highly prevalent in glioblastomas and that optimized immunohistochemistry techniques are required to detect it.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13205051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T21:19:32Z","timestamp":1633900772000},"page":"5051","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Presence of the Human Cytomegalovirus in Glioblastomas\u2014A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Inti","family":"Peredo-Harvey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Solna, BioClinicum, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afsar","family":"Rahbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Solna, BioClinicum, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"S\u00f6derberg-Naucl\u00e9r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Solna, BioClinicum, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Louis, D.N., Ohgaki, H., Wiestler, O.D., and Cavenee, W.K. (2016). Who Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System, WHO Regional Office Europe."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"3347","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus infection and expression in human malignant glioma","volume":"62","author":"Cobbs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nor227","article-title":"Consensus on the role of human cytomegalovirus in glioblastoma","volume":"14","author":"Dziurzynski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Libard, S., Popova, S.N., Amini, R.-M., Karja, V., Pietilainen, T., Hamalainen, K.M., Sundstrom, C., Hesselager, G., Bergqvist, M., and Ekman, S. (2014). Human cytomegalovirus tegument protein pp65 is detected in all intra- and extra-axial brain tumours independent of the tumour type or grade. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108861"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-019-04206-z","article-title":"Evidence based on a meta-analysis of human cytomegalovirus infection in glioma","volume":"164","author":"Farias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.655","article-title":"Review of cytomegalovirus seroprevalence and demographic characteristics associated with infection","volume":"20","author":"Cannon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.12.8","article-title":"The immune response to human cmv","volume":"7","author":"Diamond","year":"2012","journal-title":"Future Virol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.79888-0","article-title":"Genetic content of wild-type human cytomegalovirus","volume":"85","author":"Dolan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1227919","article-title":"Decoding human cytomegalovirus","volume":"338","author":"Weisburd","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"819","article-title":"Oncomodulatory mechanisms of human cytomegalovirus in gliomas","volume":"17","author":"Barami","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci. Off. J. Neurosurg. Soc. Australas."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2003.11.002","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of the modulatory effects of hcmv infection in tumor cell biology","volume":"10","author":"Cinatl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herbein, G. (2018). The human cytomegalovirus, from oncomodulation to oncogenesis. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10080408"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.02.011","article-title":"Human viral oncogenesis: A cancer hallmarks analysis","volume":"15","author":"Mesri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vishnu, P. (2013). The oncogenicity of human cytomegalovirus. Manifestations of Cytomegalovirus Infection, IntechOpen Book Series.","DOI":"10.5772\/55051"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1126\/science.179143","article-title":"Oncogenic transformation of human embryo lung cells by human cytomegalovirus","volume":"192","author":"Geder","year":"1976","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.03.015","article-title":"The human cytomegalovirus strain db activates oncogenic pathways in mammary epithelial cells","volume":"30","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1974.039.01.087","article-title":"Demonstration of the oncogenic potential of herpes simplex viruses and human cytomegalovirus","volume":"39","author":"Rapp","year":"1975","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4031","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-0369","article-title":"Valganciclovir as add-on to standard therapy in glioblastoma patients","volume":"26","author":"Stragliotto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28111","article-title":"Effects of valganciclovir as an add-on therapy in patients with cytomegalovirus-positive glioblastoma: A randomized, double-blind, hypothesis-generating study","volume":"133","author":"Stragliotto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-013-0812-4","article-title":"Expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (igfbp-2) gene in negative and positive human cytomegalovirus glioblastoma multiforme tissues","volume":"31","author":"Ahani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-013-1783-8","article-title":"Detection of human cytomegalovirus in glioma tumor tissues","volume":"23","author":"Ahani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comp. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vi134","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noy148.562","article-title":"Detection of human cytomegalovirus antigens in malignant gliomas as an immunotherapeutic target","volume":"20","author":"Ahn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"60","article-title":"Detection and comparative study of human herpesviruses 6,7 and cytomegalovirusin patients with brain tumors","volume":"11","author":"Nimamezher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1336272","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2017.1336272","article-title":"Increased infiltration and tolerised antigen-specific cd8(+) t-em cells in tumor but not peripheral blood have no impact on survival of hcmv+ glioblastoma patients","volume":"6","author":"Bahador","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6815","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00015-12","article-title":"Genetic analysis of cytomegalovirus in malignant gliomas","volume":"86","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12172","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus and primary intracranial tumours: Frequency of tumour infection and lack of correlation with systemic immune anti-viral responses","volume":"41","author":"Bianchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1499","article-title":"Detection of human cytomegalovirus in tumor tissue and peripheral blood samples of patients with gliomas","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-018-3518-8","article-title":"Profiling of micrornas modulating cytomegalovirus infection in astrocytoma patients","volume":"39","author":"Deshpande","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-013-1350-9","article-title":"Does the existence of hcmv components predict poor prognosis in glioma?","volume":"116","author":"Ding","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5326","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-16-1162","article-title":"Identification of a natural killer cell receptor allele that prolongs survival of cytomegalovirus-positive glioblastoma patients","volume":"76","author":"Rahman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23820","article-title":"High prevalence of hcmv and viral load in tumor tissues and peripheral blood of glioblastoma multiforme patients","volume":"86","author":"Stangherlin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4642","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-11-0414","article-title":"Glioma-associated cytomegalovirus mediates subversion of the monocyte lineage to a tumor propagating phenotype","volume":"17","author":"Dziurzynski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762012000700020","article-title":"The prevalence of human cytomegalovirus DNA in gliomas of brazilian patients","volume":"107","author":"Fonseca","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vdz020","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdz020","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus seropositivity is associated with decreased survival in glioblastoma patients","volume":"1","author":"Foster","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8140(21)00385-6","article-title":"Reactivation of hcmv during rt of the brain results in critical illness and early mortality","volume":"152","author":"Frey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/CJI.0b013e318247642f","article-title":"Generation of polyclonal cmv-specific t cells for the adoptive immunotherapy of glioblastoma","volume":"35","author":"Ghazi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3259","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-3195","article-title":"Early mortality of brain cancer patients and its connection to cytomegalovirus reactivation during radiochemotherapy","volume":"26","author":"Goerig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-017-2018-7","article-title":"Decreased human leukocyte antigen a*02:01 frequency is associated with risk of glioma and existence of human cytomegalovirus: A case-control study in northern china","volume":"66","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.4149\/neo_2018_170124N59","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) infection was not correlated with overall survival in glioblastomas","volume":"65","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neoplasma"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32157","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.17150","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus immediate-early protein promotes survival of glioma cells through interacting and acetylating atf5","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2812","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2015.3638","article-title":"Association between human cytomegalovirus infection and histone acetylation level in various histological types of glioma","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Idriss, F.A., and Gassoum, A. (2020). Sawsan al daeaf, nahla e abdelraheem, imad fadl elmula. Detection of human cytomegalovirus DNA among sudanese glioma patients in khartoum state. Afr. J. Med. Sci., 5, Ajmsc.info."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44705","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44705","article-title":"Hcmv-encoded mir-ul112-3p promotes glioblastoma progression via tumour suppressor candidate 3","volume":"7","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1080\/07357907.2020.1793352","article-title":"Investigation of human cytomegalovirus and human papillomavirus in glioma","volume":"38","author":"Limam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Investig."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Poiret, T., Meng, Q., Rao, M., von Landenberg, A., Schoutrop, E., Valentini, D., Dodoo, E., Peredo-Harvey, I., and Maeurer, M. (2018). Epstein-barr virus- and cytomegalovirus-specific immune response in patients with brain cancer. J. Transl. Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1557-9"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-010-0383-6","article-title":"The detection of cmv pp65 and ie1 in glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"103","author":"Lucas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25673","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus infection in iranian glioma patients correlates with aging and tumor aggressiveness","volume":"92","author":"Maleki","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matlaf, L.A., Harkins, L.E., Bezrookove, V., Cobbs, C.S., and Soroceanu, L. (2013). Cytomegalovirus pp71 protein is expressed in human glioblastoma and promotes pro-angiogenic signaling by activation of stem cell factor. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068176"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17079","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34710-2","article-title":"Cmv and ebv targets recognized by tumor-infiltrating b lymphocytes in pancreatic cancer and brain tumors","volume":"8","author":"Meng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1215\/15228517-2007-035","article-title":"Sensitive detection of human cytomegalovirus in tumors and peripheral blood of patients diagnosed with glioblastoma","volume":"10","author":"Mitchell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammad, A.-A., Rahbar, A., Lui, W.-O., Davoudi, B., Catrina, A., Stragliotto, G., Mellbin, L., Hamsten, A., Ryden, L., and Yaiw, K.-C. (2014). Detection of circulating hcmv-mir-ul112-3p in patients with glioblastoma, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus and healthy controls. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113740"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2012.12.018","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus infection levels in glioblastoma multiforme are of prognostic value for survival","volume":"57","author":"Rahbar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol. Off. Publ. Pan Am. Soc. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e982391","DOI":"10.4161\/2162402X.2014.982391","article-title":"Discordant humoral and cellular immune responses to cytomegalovirus (cmv) in glioblastoma patients whose tumors are positive for cmv","volume":"4","author":"Rahbar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/2042-4280-3-3","article-title":"Low levels of human cytomegalovirus infection in glioblastoma multiforme associates with patient survival; -a case-control study","volume":"3","author":"Rahbar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Herpesviridae"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06097-11","article-title":"Significant association of multiple human cytomegalovirus genomic loci with glioblastoma multiforme samples","volume":"86","author":"Ranganathan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-008-0359-1","article-title":"Detection of human cytomegalovirus in different histological types of gliomas","volume":"116","author":"Scheurer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642652","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/642652","article-title":"Detection of human cytomegalovirus in different histopathological types of glioma in iraqi patients","volume":"2015","author":"Shamran","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-011-9799-3","article-title":"Human immunoglobulin g levels of viruses and associated glioma risk","volume":"22","author":"Sjostrom","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ra58","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2001180","article-title":"Hcmv-encoded chemokine receptor us28 mediates proliferative signaling through the il-6-stat3 axis","volume":"3","author":"Slinger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6643","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-11-0744","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus us28 found in glioblastoma promotes an invasive and angiogenic phenotype","volume":"71","author":"Soroceanu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stangherlin, L.M., Castro, F.L.F., Medeiros, R.S.S., Guerra, J.M., Kimura, L.M., Shirata, N.K., Nonogaki, S., Dos Santos, C.J., and Carlan Silva, M.C. (2016). Human cytomegalovirus DNA quantification and gene expression in gliomas of different grades. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159604"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-020-00922-4","article-title":"Predictive factors of human cytomegalovirus reactivation in newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients treated with chemoradiotherapy","volume":"27","author":"Ursu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-015-1905-z","article-title":"Is cmv a target in pediatric glioblastoma? Expression of cmv proteins, pp65 and ie1-72 and cmv nucleic acids in a cohort of pediatric glioblastoma patients","volume":"125","author":"Wakefield","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3565","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-0176","article-title":"Glioblastoma-mediated immune dysfunction limits cmv-specific t cells and therapeutic responses: Results from a phase i\/ii trial","volume":"26","author":"Weathers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/154.2.161","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies to four herpesviruses among adults with glioma and controls","volume":"154","author":"Wrensch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2016.06.008","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus infection contributes to glioma disease progression via upregulating endocan expression","volume":"177","author":"Xing","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2016.12.006","article-title":"An overview of the infection of cmv, hsv 1\/2 and ebv in mexican patients with glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"213","author":"Palma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.10.018","article-title":"Human papillomavirus and human cytomegalovirus infection and association with prognosis in patients with primary glioblastoma in pakistan","volume":"121","author":"Mirza","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vi69","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox168.282","article-title":"Determining the presence of human cytomegalovirus proteins in glioblastoma","volume":"19","author":"Bassett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nou167","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus infection in tumor cells of the nervous system is not detectable with standardized pathologico-virological diagnostics","volume":"16","author":"Baumgarten","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2014.03.010","article-title":"Detection of viral pathogens in high grade gliomas from unmapped next-generation sequencing data","volume":"96","author":"Cimino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28670","article-title":"Comprehensive metagenomic analysis of glioblastoma reveals absence of known virus despite antiviral-like type i interferon gene response","volume":"135","author":"Cosset","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-017-0885-3","article-title":"Lack of cytomegalovirus detection in human glioma","volume":"14","author":"Alenda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"416A","article-title":"Lack of human cytomegalovirus in gliomas. A viral load analysis by quantitative real time-pcr","volume":"93","author":"Irles","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-9378-10-3","article-title":"Prevalence of human cytomegalovirus, polyomaviruses, and oncogenic viruses in glioblastoma among japanese subjects","volume":"10","author":"Hashida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Agents Cancer"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3150","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-1490","article-title":"Absence of cytomegalovirus in glioblastoma and other high-grade gliomas by real-time pcr, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization","volume":"23","author":"Holdhoff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-017-0543-y","article-title":"Lack of human cytomegalovirus expression in single cells from glioblastoma tumors and cell lines","volume":"23","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800352","article-title":"Lack of association of cytomegalovirus with human brain tumors","volume":"18","author":"Lau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nou325","article-title":"No circulating human cytomegalovirus in 14 cases of glioblastoma","volume":"17","author":"Lehrer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"959","article-title":"No circulating cytomegalovirus in five patients with glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"31","author":"Lehrer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-016-0081-x","article-title":"Human herpesvirus multiplex ddpcr detection in brain tissue from low- and high-grade astrocytoma cases and controls","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Agents Cancer"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-018-0683-8","article-title":"Multimodal techniques failed to detect cytomegalovirus in human glioblastoma samples","volume":"25","author":"Loit","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"4907","article-title":"Evaluation of jc and cytomegalo viruses in glioblastoma tissue","volume":"17","author":"Mollaei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"1900","article-title":"Prevalence of human cytomegalovirus infection among bulgarian patients with brain tumours","volume":"27","author":"Nikolova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280600654573","article-title":"Lack of association of herpesviruses with brain tumors","volume":"12","author":"Poltermann","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"326","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus viral load in tumor and peripheral blood samples of patients with malignant gliomas","volume":"22","author":"Priel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci. Off. J. Neurosurg. Soc. Australas."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6602339","article-title":"Detection of human cytomegalovirus genome and gene products in central nervous system tumours","volume":"92","author":"Sabatier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"2476","article-title":"Absence of human cytomegalovirus infection in childhood brain tumors","volume":"5","author":"Sardi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0000000000000125","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus and glioblastoma: A review of evidence for their association and indications for testing and treatment","volume":"73","author":"Solomon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.11049","article-title":"Prevalence of neurotropic viruses in malignant glioma and their onco-modulatory potential","volume":"31","author":"Strojnik","year":"2017","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-016-0338-z","article-title":"A comprehensive next generation sequencing-based virome assessment in brain tissue suggests no major virus - tumor association","volume":"4","author":"Strong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3109\/02688697.2015.1119241","article-title":"Expression of cytomegalovirus in glioblastoma multiforme: Myth or reality?","volume":"30","author":"Taha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3513","article-title":"The landscape of viral expression and host gene fusion and adaptation in human cancer","volume":"4","author":"Tang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29042","article-title":"Absence of cytomegalovirus in high-coverage DNA sequencing of human glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"136","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2013.219","article-title":"Lack of presence of the human cytomegalovirus in human glioblastoma","volume":"27","author":"Yamashita","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, C.-F., Ho, H.-L., Lin, S.-C., Hsu, C.-Y., and Ho, D.M.-T. (2017). Detection of human cytomegalovirus in glioblastoma among taiwanese subjects. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179366"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6776","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.3325","article-title":"Virome assembly and annotation in brain tissue based on next-generation sequencing","volume":"9","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-019-02946-8","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus infection is correlated with enhanced cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase protein expression in breast cancer","volume":"145","author":"Costa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2018.08.003","article-title":"Impact of human cytomegalovirus infection and its immune response on survival of patients with ovarian cancer","volume":"11","author":"Radestad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000080263.46164.97","article-title":"High prevalence of human cytomegalovirus in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostatic carcinoma","volume":"170","author":"Samanta","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-788-4_11","article-title":"Methods for the detection of cytomegalovirus in glioblastoma cells and tissues","volume":"1119","author":"Cobbs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lester, S. (2010). Manual of Surgical Pathology, Elsevier Health Sciences. [3rd ed.]. Specimen processing.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-06516-0.10002-5"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4713","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.9.4713-4718.2005","article-title":"Diagnosis of and screening for cytomegalovirus infection in pregnant women","volume":"43","author":"Munro","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003066","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003066","article-title":"Changing patterns of cytomegalovirus seroprevalence among pregnant women in norway between 1995 and 2009 examined in the norwegian mother and child cohort study and two cohorts from sor-trondelag county: A cross-sectional study","volume":"3","author":"Odland","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-017-0093-4","article-title":"Herpes virus seroepidemiology in the adult swedish population","volume":"14","author":"Olsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immun. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"149","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy\u2014Our experiences","volume":"73","author":"Skokic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Arch."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-016-0987-7","article-title":"Clinically significant cmv (re)activation during or after radiotherapy\/chemotherapy of the brain","volume":"192","author":"Goerig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Strahlentherapie Und Onkologie"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e931030","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.931030","article-title":"Allogeneic natural killer and cytomegalovirus (cmv)-pp65 pulsed dendritic cells induced complete response through 15 months in a patient with recurrent glioblastoma: A case study","volume":"22","author":"Gumrukcu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-020-00901-9","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus DNA detection in a recurrent glioblastoma multiforme tumour, but not in whole blood: A case report and discussion about the hcmv latency and therapy perspectives","volume":"26","author":"Nikolova","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stragliotto, G., Pantalone, M.R., Rahbar, A., and Soderberg-Naucler, C. (2020). Valganciclovir as add-on to standard therapy in secondary glioblastoma. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8101471"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01088","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1088","article-title":"Impact of pre-therapy glioblastoma multiforme microenvironment on clinical response to autologous cmv-specific t-cell therapy","volume":"8","author":"Walker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"p19","DOI":"10.30560\/mhs.v1n2p19","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus is the cause of glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"1","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mod. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.46889\/JCMR.2020.1204","article-title":"Potential risk factors of glioblastoma multiforme in greek adults: A case-control study","volume":"1","author":"Chrysanthakopoulos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nou295","article-title":"Response to \u201chuman cytomegalovirus infection in tumor cells of the nervous system is not detectable with standardized pathologico-virological diagnostics\u201d","volume":"16","author":"Cobbs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renzette, N., Bhattacharjee, B., Jensen, J.D., Gibson, L., and Kowalik, T.F. (2011). Extensive genome-wide variability of human cytomegalovirus in congenitally infected infants. PLoS Pathog., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001344"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1501880112","article-title":"Limits and patterns of cytomegalovirus genomic diversity in humans","volume":"112","author":"Renzette","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/13\/20\/5051\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:10:59Z","timestamp":1760166659000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/13\/20\/5051"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers13205051"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers13205051","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]]}}}