{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T01:28:38Z","timestamp":1788571718770,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Treatment failures of glioblastoma (GBM) occur within high-dose radiation fields. We hypothesized that this is due to increased capacity for DNA damage repair in GBM. We identified 24 adult GBM patients treated with maximal safe resection followed by radiation with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide. The mRNA from patients was quantified using NanoString Technologies\u2019 nCounter platform and compared with 12 non-neoplastic temporal lobe tissue samples as a control. Differential expression analysis identified seven DNA repair genes significantly upregulated in GBM tissues relative to controls (&gt;4-fold difference, adjusted p values &lt; 0.001). Among these seven genes, Cox proportional hazards models identified RAD51 to be associated with an increased risk of death (HR = 3.49; p = 0.03). Kaplan\u2013Meier (KM) analysis showed that patients with high RAD51 expression had significantly shorter OS compared to low levels (median OS of 10.6 mo. vs 20.1 mo.; log-rank p = 0.03). Our findings were validated in a larger external dataset of 162 patients using publicly available gene expression data quantified by the same NanoString technology (median OS of 13.8 mo. vs. 17.4 mo; log-rank p = 0.006). Within this uniformly treated GBM population, RAD51, in the homologous recombination pathway, was overexpressed (vs. normal brain) and inversely correlated with OS. High RAD51 expression may be a prognostic biomarker and a therapeutic target in GBM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13215358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T23:49:52Z","timestamp":1635292192000},"page":"5358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Expression Levels of RAD51 Inversely Correlate with Survival of Glioblastoma Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7763-0770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Morrison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Weterings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daruka","family":"Mahadevan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhay","family":"Sanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurosciences, Tucson, AZ 85718, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Weinand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baldassarre","family":"Stea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1545-1","article-title":"The 2016 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: A summary","volume":"131","author":"Louis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(09)70025-7","article-title":"Effects of radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide versus radiotherapy alone on survival in glioblastoma in a randomised phase III study: 5-year analysis of the EORTC-NCIC trial","volume":"10","author":"Stupp","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2535","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.16669","article-title":"Maintenance Therapy With Tumor-Treating Fields Plus Temozolomide vs Temozolomide Alone for Glioblastoma","volume":"314","author":"Stupp","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox014","article-title":"NovoTTF: Where to go from here?","volume":"19","author":"Cloughesy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuro. 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