{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T13:31:23Z","timestamp":1785850283589,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent advances in the development of multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitors (MTKIs), which mainly target the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), have improved prognoses and dramatically changed the treatment strategy for advanced thyroid cancer. However, adverse events related to this inhibition can interrupt treatment and sometimes lead to discontinuation. In addition, they can be annoying and potentially jeopardize the subjects\u2019 quality of life, even allowing that the clinical outcome of patients with advanced thyroid cancer remains limited. In this review, we summarize the potential mechanisms underlying these adverse events (hypertension, proteinuria and renal impairment, hemorrhage, fistula formation\/gastrointestinal perforation, wound healing, cardiovascular toxicities, hematological toxicity, diarrhea, fatigue, and acute cholecystitis), their characteristics, and actual management. Furthermore, we also discuss the importance of related factors, including alternative treatments that target other pathways, the necessity of subject selection for safer administration, and patient education.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13215536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T09:11:32Z","timestamp":1636017092000},"page":"5536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Management of VEGFR-Targeted TKI for Thyroid Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Enokida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9035-3106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Makoto","family":"Tahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60421-9","article-title":"Sorafenib in Radioactive Iodine-Refractory, Locally Advanced or Metastatic Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Phase 3 Trial","volume":"384","author":"Brose","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vi329","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdw376.06","article-title":"Final Overall Survival Analysis of Patients with Locally Advanced or Metastatic Radioactive Iodine-Refractory Differentiated Thyroid Cancer (RAI-rDTC) Treated with Sorafenib in the Phase 3 DECISION Trial: An Exploratory Crossover Adjustment Analyses","volume":"27","author":"Brose","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. 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