{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:36:35Z","timestamp":1787027795514,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":732,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]],"date-time":"2021-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20-15-00081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-15-00081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant neoplasm of terminally differentiated immunoglobulin-producing B lymphocytes called plasma cells. MM is the second most common hematologic malignancy, and it poses a heavy economic and social burden because it remains incurable and confers a profound disability to patients. Despite current progress in MM treatment, the disease invariably recurs, even after the transplantation of autologous hematopoietic stem cells (ASCT). Biological processes leading to a pathological myeloma clone and the mechanisms of further evolution of the disease are far from complete understanding. Genetically, MM is a complex disease that demonstrates a high level of heterogeneity. Myeloma genomes carry numerous genetic changes, including structural genome variations and chromosomal gains and losses, and these changes occur in combinations with point mutations affecting various cellular pathways, including genome maintenance. MM genome instability in its extreme is manifested in mutation kataegis and complex genomic rearrangements: chromothripsis, templated insertions, and chromoplexy. Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat MM add another level of complexity because many of them exacerbate genome instability. Genome abnormalities are driver events and deciphering their mechanisms will help understand the causes of MM and play a pivotal role in developing new therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13235949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,28]],"date-time":"2021-11-28T22:19:16Z","timestamp":1638137956000},"page":"5949","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Genome Instability in Multiple Myeloma: Facts and Factors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1601-1615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Y.","family":"Aksenova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8683-9533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna S.","family":"Zhuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Laboratory \u201cComputer Technologies\u201d, ITMO University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artem G.","family":"Lada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6393-5645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina V.","family":"Zotova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, St. Petersburg Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5854-8701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena I.","family":"Stepchenkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, St. Petersburg Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3768-0831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan I.","family":"Kostroma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Russian Research Institute of Hematology and Transfusiology, 191024 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7586-4709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergey V.","family":"Gritsaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Russian Research Institute of Hematology and Transfusiology, 191024 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1179-5796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youri I.","family":"Pavlov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"},{"name":"Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Microbiology and Pathology, Genetics Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25791","article-title":"Multiple myeloma: 2020 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification and management","volume":"95","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. 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