{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T12:14:51Z","timestamp":1792844091063,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":294,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"FWF Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFB-F06109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB-F06109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"FWF Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I 4218-B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I 4218-B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"FWF Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I 4157-B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I 4157-B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\u03b3\u03b4 T cells are unique players in shaping immune responses, lying at the intersection between innate and adaptive immunity. Unlike conventional \u03b1\u03b2 T cells, \u03b3\u03b4 T cells largely populate non-lymphoid peripheral tissues, demonstrating tissue specificity, and they respond to ligands in an MHC-independent manner. \u03b3\u03b4 T cells display rapid activation and effector functions, with a capacity for cytotoxic anti-tumour responses and production of inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-\u03b3 or IL-17. Their rapid cytotoxic nature makes them attractive cells for use in anti-cancer immunotherapies. However, upon transformation, \u03b3\u03b4 T cells can give rise to highly aggressive lymphomas. These rare malignancies often display poor patient survival, and no curative therapies exist. In this review, we discuss the diverse roles of \u03b3\u03b4 T cells in immune surveillance and response, with a particular focus on cancer immunity. We summarise the intriguing dichotomy between pro- and anti-tumour functions of \u03b3\u03b4 T cells in solid and haematological cancers, highlighting the key subsets involved. Finally, we discuss potential drivers of \u03b3\u03b4 T-cell transformation, summarising the main \u03b3\u03b4 T-cell lymphoma\/leukaemia entities, their clinical features, recent advances in mapping their molecular and genomic landscapes, current treatment strategies and potential future targeting options.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13246212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T21:52:32Z","timestamp":1639086752000},"page":"6212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["The Diverse Roles of \u03b3\u03b4 T Cells in Cancer: From Rapid Immunity to Aggressive Lymphoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Susann","family":"Sch\u00f6nefeldt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Wais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Herling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Cellular Therapy and Hemostaseology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0816-8241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satu","family":"Mustjoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, 00290 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Translational Immunology Research Program and Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasileios","family":"Bekiaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0918-9463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Moriggl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7372-7786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heidi A.","family":"Neubauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800934","article-title":"\u03b3\u03b4 T Cell Update: Adaptate Orchestrators of Immune Surveillance","volume":"203","author":"Hayday","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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