{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T10:43:57Z","timestamp":1776941037651,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]],"date-time":"2021-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Kirsten Rat Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog (KRAS) gene mutations are among the most common driver alterations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Despite their high frequency, valid treatment options are still lacking, mainly due to an intrinsic complexity of both the protein structure and the downstream pathway. The increasing knowledge about different mutation subtypes and co-mutations has paved the way to several promising therapeutic strategies. Despite the best results so far having been obtained in patients harbouring KRAS exon 2 p.G12C mutation, even the treatment landscape of non-p.G12C KRAS mutation positive patients is predicted to change soon. This review provides a comprehensive and critical overview of ongoing studies into NSCLC patients with KRAS mutations other than p.G12C and discusses future scenarios that will hopefully change the story of this disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13246332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]],"date-time":"2021-12-16T11:27:36Z","timestamp":1639654056000},"page":"6332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Targeting KRAS in NSCLC: Old Failures and New Options for \u201cNon-G12c\u201d Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, University of Turin, AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, 10043 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Cani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, University of Turin, AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, 10043 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3211-9957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umberto","family":"Malapelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Novello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, University of Turin, AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, 10043 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valerio Maria","family":"Napoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, University of Turin, AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, 10043 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2784-5076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Bironzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, University of Turin, AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, 10043 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2021.01.015","article-title":"RAS as a positive predictive biomarker: Focus on lung and colorectal cancer patients","volume":"146","author":"Malapelle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. 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