{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T21:59:49Z","timestamp":1790459989371,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]],"date-time":"2021-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"National Centre for Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LIDER\/39\/0215\/L-10\/18\/NCBR\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LIDER\/39\/0215\/L-10\/18\/NCBR\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Uveal melanoma is the most common intraocular malignancy and arises from melanocytes in the choroid, ciliary body, or iris. The current eye-sparing treatment options include surgical treatment, plaque brachytherapy, proton beam radiotherapy, stereotactic photon radiotherapy, or photodynamic therapy. However, the efficacy of these methods is still unsatisfactory. This article reviews several possible new treatment options and their potential advantages in treating localized uveal melanoma. These methods may be based on the physical destruction of the cancerous cells by applying ultrasounds. Two examples of such an approach are High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU)\u2014a promising technology of thermal destruction of solid tumors located deep under the skin and sonodynamic therapy (SDT) that induces reactive oxygen species. Another approach may be based on improving the penetration of anti-cancer agents into UM cells. The most promising technologies from this group are based on enhancing drug delivery by applying electric current. One such approach is called transcorneal iontophoresis and has already been shown to increase the local concentration of several different therapeutics. Another technique, electrically enhanced chemotherapy, may promote drug delivery from the intercellular space to cells. Finally, new advanced nanoparticles are developed to combine diagnostic imaging and therapy (i.e., theranostics). However, these methods are mostly at an early stage of development. More advanced and targeted preclinical studies and clinical trials would be needed to introduce some of these techniques to routine clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14010134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]],"date-time":"2021-12-28T06:55:03Z","timestamp":1640674503000},"page":"134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["New Perspectives for Eye-Sparing Treatment Strategies in Primary Uveal Melanoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Bilmin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Jan D\u0142ugosz University in Cz\u0119stochowa, 42-200 Cz\u0119stochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1019-1982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil J.","family":"Synoradzki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2107-3810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna M.","family":"Czarnecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Soft Tissue\/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3960-7673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz J.","family":"Spa\u0142ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soft Tissue\/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5564-3925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamara","family":"Kujawska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Solnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8966-3799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Merks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum Cardinal Stefan Wyszy\u0144ski University, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7152-2613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario Damiano","family":"Toro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Chair and Department of General and Pediatric Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-079 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3321-2723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Rejdak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of General and Pediatric Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-079 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5755-3608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Fiedorowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2016.275","article-title":"Uveal melanoma: Relatively rare but deadly cancer","volume":"31","author":"Kaliki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toro, M.D., Gozzo, L., Tracia, L., Cicci\u00f9, M., Drago, F., Bucolo, C., Avitabile, T., Rejdak, R., Nowomiejska, K., and Zweifel, S. 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