{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T14:00:45Z","timestamp":1792677645024,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]],"date-time":"2021-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007707","name":"Istituto Nazionale per l'Assicurazione Contro gli Infortuni sul Lavoro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B86C19000070001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B86C19000070001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007707","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Formaldehyde, classified as a carcinogen in 2004, as of today is widely used in many work activities. From its classification, further studies were performed to evaluate its carcinogenicity. The aim of the systematic review is to update the evidence on occupational exposure to formaldehyde and cancer onset. Methods: The review, in accordance with the PRISMA statement, includes articles in English reporting original results of studies conducted on workers exposed to formaldehyde, considering all types of cancer, published from 1 January 2000 to 30 July 2021 and selected from the Pubmed and Scopus databases. The studies\u2019 quality was assessed by the Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale. Results: A total of 21 articles were included, conducted in different European, American, and Asian countries. The most investigated occupational areas are those characterized by a deliberate use of formaldehyde. Some studies evaluated all types of cancer, whereas others focused on specific sites such as thyroid and respiratory, lymphohematopoietic, or central nervous systems. The results showed weak associations with lung cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, leukemia, and non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma. Conclusions: The results demonstrate the need for further original studies carried out on representative samples of workers exposed to measured levels of FA. These studies should be designed to reduce the bias due to co-exposure to other carcinogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14010165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]],"date-time":"2021-12-29T23:31:35Z","timestamp":1640820695000},"page":"165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":173,"title":["The Carcinogenic Effects of Formaldehyde Occupational Exposure: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7668-5809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmela","family":"Protano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4673-5670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Buomprisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vittoria","family":"Cammalleri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta Noemi","family":"Pocino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Marotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Simonazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Cardoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Petyx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Iavicoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1001-6343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Vitali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Cammalleri, V., Pocino, R.N., Marotta, D., Protano, C., Sinibaldi, F., Simonazzi, S., Petyx, M., Iavicoli, S., and Vitali, M. Occupational scenarios and exposure assessment to formaldehyde: A systematic review, Indoor Air, in press."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"132","article-title":"The Australian Work Exposures Study: Prevalence of Occupational Exposure to Formaldehyde","volume":"60","author":"Driscoll","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2008.08.011","article-title":"Australian firefighters\u2019 exposure to air toxics during bushfire burns of autumn 2005 and 2006","volume":"35","author":"Reisen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2009.06.864","article-title":"Fire fighting trainers\u2019 exposure to carcinogenic agents in smoke diving simulators","volume":"192","author":"Laitinen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"581","article-title":"Environmental study of firefighters","volume":"35","author":"Jankovic","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.10191","article-title":"Occupational risk in health care and research","volume":"43","author":"Vecchio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2019.06.0289","article-title":"Emission of carbonyl compounds from cooking oil fumes in the night market areas","volume":"19","author":"Que","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aerosol. Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.7888\/juoeh.31.13","article-title":"Emission rates of air pollutants from portable gas ranges and nitrogen dioxide exposure assessment in restaurants","volume":"31","author":"Jung","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. UOEH"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17137","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-1802-z","article-title":"Assessment of the inhalation risks associated with working in printing rooms: A study on the staff of eight printing rooms in Beijing, China","volume":"25","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-016-0401-8","article-title":"Assessment of the indoor air quality in copy centers at Aveiro, Portugal","volume":"10","author":"Vicente","year":"2017","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jes.7500471","article-title":"Air contaminant exposures during the operation of lawn and garden equipment","volume":"16","author":"Baldauf","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.13031\/jash.22.11791","article-title":"Airborne Formaldehyde Levels during Simulated Formalin Egg Treatments in Vertical-Flow Tray Incubators at a Production Fish Hatchery","volume":"22","author":"Voorhees","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Saf. Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.04.007","article-title":"Exposure of farm laborers and dairy cattle to formaldehyde from footbath use at a dairy farm in New York State","volume":"487","author":"Doane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2002.01301.x","article-title":"Effect of formaldehyde on the expression of adhesion molecules in nasal microvascular endothelial cells: The role of formaldehyde in the pathogenesis of sick building syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2015.05.0312","article-title":"Risk assessment of indoor formaldehyde and other carbonyls in campus environments in northwestern China","volume":"16","author":"Ho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aerosol. Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1177\/1420326X05054071","article-title":"Volatile organic compounds in the indoor air of Warsaw office buildings","volume":"14","author":"Makhniashvili","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indoor Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1080\/15459620802707835","article-title":"Airborne concentrations of volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde and ammonia in Finnish office buildings with suspected indoor air problems","volume":"6","author":"Salonen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-007-9994-6","article-title":"Influence of indoor air quality (IAQ) objectives on air-conditioned offices in Hong Kong","volume":"144","author":"Hui","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Kaden, D.A., Mandin, C., Nielsen, G.D., and Wolkoff, P. (2010). Formaldehyde. WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK138711."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (2006). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-Tert-Butoxypropan-2-ol. 88, International Agency for Research on Cancer."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (2012). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Chemical Agents and Related Occupations, Vol 100 F, A Review of Human Carcinogen, WHO, International Agency for Research on Cancer."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7542","article-title":"Working Group for Volume 88. Meeting report: Summary of IARC monographs on formaldehyde, 2-butoxyethanol, and 1-tert-butoxy-2-propanol","volume":"113","author":"Cogliano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1767","article-title":"Epidemiologic evidence on the relationship between formaldehyde exposure and cancer","volume":"16","author":"Blair","year":"1990","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"4382","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of formaldehyde in rats and mice after long-term inhalation exposure","volume":"43","author":"Kerns","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"3398","article-title":"Induction of squamous cell carcinomas of the rat nasal cavity by inhalation exposure to formaldehyde vapor","volume":"40","author":"Swenberg","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2005.08.005","article-title":"Cytogenetic analysis of nasal mucosa cells and lymphocytes from high-level long-term formaldehyde exposed workers and low-level short-term exposed waiters","volume":"588","author":"Ye","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Rivera, J.C., Sherman, M.W., Wang, D.S., Chuvalo-Abraham, J.C.L., Hildebrandt Ruiz, L., and Contreras, L.M. (2020). RNA oxidation in chromatin modification and DNA-damage response following exposure to formaldehyde. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73376-7"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.60.6.403","article-title":"DNA-protein crosslinks and p53 protein expression in relation to occupational exposure to formaldehyde","volume":"60","author":"Shaham","year":"2003","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1021\/tx8000576","article-title":"Formaldehyde-induced histone modifications in vitro","volume":"21","author":"Lu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catalani, S., Donato, F., Madeo, E., Apostoli, P., De Palma, G., Pira, E., Mundt, K.A., and Boffetta, P. (2019). Occupational exposure to formaldehyde and risk of non-hodgkin lymphoma: A meta-analysis. BMC Cancer, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-6445-z"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.23093","article-title":"Occupational exposure to formaldehyde and risk of lung cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"Kwak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0274(200103)39:3<336::AID-AJIM1022>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"A review and meta-analysis of formaldehyde exposure and pancreatic cancer","volume":"39","author":"Collins","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-012-0055-2","article-title":"Critical review and synthesis of the epidemiologic evidence on formaldehyde exposure and risk of leukemia and other lymphohematopoietic malignancies","volume":"23","author":"Checkoway","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s41021-021-00183-5","article-title":"Formaldehyde exposure and leukemia risk: A comprehensive review and network-based toxicogenomic approach","volume":"43","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genes Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdm202","article-title":"Formaldehyde and cancer risk: A quantitative review of cohort studies through 2006","volume":"19","author":"Bosetti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.03.001","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"134","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Wells, G.A., Shea, B., O\u2019Connell, D., Peterson, J., Welch, V., Losos, M., and Tugwell, P. (2014). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for Assessing the Quality of Nonrandomised Studies in Meta-Analyses, Ottawa Health Research Institute."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/29.6.991","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Malaysian Chinese: Occupational exposures to particles, formaldehyde and heat","volume":"29","author":"Armstrong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.57.6.376","article-title":"Occupational exposure to formaldehyde and wood dust and nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"57","author":"Vaughan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.57.11.767","article-title":"Laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers and occupational exposure to formaldehyde and various dusts: A case-control study in France","volume":"57","author":"Laforest","year":"2000","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1145","article-title":"Occupational exposure to wood, formaldehyde, and solvents and risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Hildesheim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200207000-00013","article-title":"Lung cancer among rock and slag wool production workers","volume":"13","author":"Kjaerheim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2003.007476","article-title":"Mortality among a cohort of garment workers exposed to formaldehyde: An update","volume":"61","author":"Pinkerton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-005-2819-4","article-title":"Occupational Exposures and Risk of Adenocarcinoma of the Lung in Uruguay","volume":"16","author":"Boffetta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj208","article-title":"Occupational exposure and laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer risk in central and eastern Europe","volume":"164","author":"Shangina","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-005-0036-9","article-title":"Reproductive history, occupational exposures, and thyroid cancer risk among women textile workers in Shanghai, China","volume":"79","author":"Wong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2007.04.006","article-title":"Work in the metal industry and nasopharyngeal cancer mortality among formaldehyde-exposed workers","volume":"48","author":"Marsh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn300","article-title":"Occupational exposure to solvents and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Connecticut women","volume":"169","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2010.059519","article-title":"Lung cancer and occupational exposures other than cotton dust and endotoxin among women textile workers in Shanghai, China","volume":"68","author":"Checkoway","year":"2011","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djp416","article-title":"Mortality from lymphohematopoietic malignancies and brain cancer among embalmers exposed to formaldehyde","volume":"101","author":"Hauptmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S30684","article-title":"Occupational exposure to wood dust and formaldehyde and risk of nasal, nasopharyngeal, and lung cancer among Finnish men","volume":"4","author":"Siew","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3344","article-title":"Assessment of the effect of occupational exposure to formaldehyde on the risk of lung cancer in two Canadian population-based case-control studies","volume":"39","author":"Mahboubi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22199","article-title":"Cohort mortality study of garment industry workers exposed to formaldehyde: Update and internal comparisons","volume":"56","author":"Meyers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22214","article-title":"Mortality from solid tumors among workers in formaldehyde industries: An update of the NCI cohort","volume":"56","author":"Blair","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu049","article-title":"Upper airway cancer, myeloid leukemia, and other cancers in a cohort of British chemical workers exposed to formaldehyde","volume":"179","author":"Coggon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-014-0440-0","article-title":"Mortality from lymphohematopoietic neoplasms and other causes in a cohort of laminated plastic workers exposed to formaldehyde","volume":"25","author":"Pira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000466","article-title":"Formaldehyde Exposure and Mortality Risks from Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Other Lymphohematopoietic Malignancies in the US National Cancer Institute Cohort Study of Workers in Formaldehyde Industries","volume":"57","author":"Checkoway","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2016-104280","article-title":"The INTEROCC case-control study: Risk of meningioma and occupational exposure to selected combustion products, dusts and other chemical agents","volume":"75","author":"McElvenny","year":"2018","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh174","article-title":"Mortality from solid cancers among workers in formaldehyde industries","volume":"159","author":"Hauptmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-200109000-00006","article-title":"Historical cohort study of US man-made vitreous fiber production workers: III. Analysis of exposure-weighted measures of respirable fibers and formaldehyde in the nested case-control study of respiratory system cancer","volume":"43","author":"Youk","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aung, W.Y., Sakamoto, H., Sato, A., Yi, E.E., Thein, Z.L., New, M.S., Shein, N., Linn, H., Uchiyama, S., and Kunugita, N. (2021). Indoor Formaldehyde Concentration, Personal Formaldehyde Exposure and Clinical Symptoms during Anatomy Dissection Sessions, University of Medicine 1, Yangon. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020712"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2018.10.007","article-title":"Recommendations of the working group of the Anatomische Gesellschaft on reduction of formaldehyde exposure in anatomical curricula and institutes","volume":"221","author":"Waschke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Anat."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-10627-0","article-title":"Occupational exposure to formaldehyde, lifetime cancer probability, and hazard quotient in pathology lab employees in Iran: A quantitative risk assessment","volume":"28","author":"Jalali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.5115\/acb.19.105","article-title":"Estimation of occupational formaldehyde exposure in cadaver dissection laboratory and its implications","volume":"52","author":"Bhat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-012-9828-6","article-title":"A combination of micronucleus assay and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis to evaluate the genotoxicity of formaldehyde","volume":"64","author":"Bouraoui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2797(00)00272-6","article-title":"The formaldehyde metabolic detoxified on enzyme systems and molecular cytotoxic mechanism in isolated rat hepatocytes","volume":"130\u2013132","author":"Teng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2005.02.006","article-title":"Cytotoxic effect of formaldehyde with free radicals via increment of cellular reactive oxygen species","volume":"210","author":"Saito","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2009.09.011","article-title":"Genomic damages in peripheral blood lymphocytes and association with polymorphisms of three glutathione S-transferases in workers exposed to formaldehyde","volume":"695","author":"Jiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-012-0961-9","article-title":"Assessment of immunotoxicity and genotoxicity in workers exposed to low concentrations of formaldehyde","volume":"87","author":"Aydin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6673-5-25","article-title":"Genotoxic effects in occupational exposure to formaldehyde: A study in anatomy and pathology laboratories and formaldehyde-resins production","volume":"5","author":"Viegas","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Occup. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2008.07.056","article-title":"Genotoxic damage in pathology anatomy laboratory workers exposed to formaldehyde","volume":"252","author":"Costa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/13547500110113242","article-title":"Cytogenetic analysis of buccal cells from shoe-workers and pathology and anatomy laboratory workers exposed to n-hexane, toluene, methyl ethyl ketone and formaldehyde","volume":"7","author":"Burgaz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomarkers"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-007-0241-9","article-title":"Carcinogenic potential of formaldehyde in occupational settings: A critical assessment and possible impact on occupational exposure levels","volume":"81","author":"Duhayon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Higgins, J.P.T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M.J., and Welch, V.A. (2021). Chapter 10: Analysing Data and Undertaking Meta-Analyses. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Cochrane. Available online: www.training.cochrane.org\/handbook."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/14\/1\/165\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:55:42Z","timestamp":1760169342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/14\/1\/165"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers14010165"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers14010165","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]]}}}