{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T09:31:35Z","timestamp":1782552695431,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed solid-organ cancer amongst males worldwide. Metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is a rapidly fatal end-sequelae of prostate cancer. Therapeutic options for men with mCRPC are limited and are not curative in nature. The recent development of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy has revolutionised the treatment of treatment-resistant haematological malignancies, and several studies are underway investigating the utility of this technology in the treatment of solid tumours. In this review, we evaluate the current treatment options for men with mCRPC as well as the current landscape of preclinical and clinical trials of CAR-T cell therapy against prostate cancer. We also appraise the various prostate cancer-specific tumour-associated antigens that may be targeted by CAR-T cell technology. Finally, we examine the potential translational barriers of CAR-T cell therapy in solid tumours. Despite preclinical success, preliminary clinical trials in men with prostate cancer have had limited efficacy. Therefore, further clinically translatable preclinical models are required to enhance the understanding of the role of this investigational therapeutic in men with mCRPC. In the era of precision medicine, tailored immunotherapy administered to men in a tumour-agnostic approach provides hope to a group of men who otherwise have few treatment options available.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14030503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T22:40:20Z","timestamp":1642718420000},"page":"503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy in Metastatic Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5854-1836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahasha P.J.","family":"Perera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences at Translational Research Institute (TRI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia"},{"name":"Queensland Bladder Cancer Initiative (QBCI), Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Personalised Analysis of Cancers (CPAC), Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3649-7923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick B.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences at Translational Research Institute (TRI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia"},{"name":"Queensland Bladder Cancer Initiative (QBCI), Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Personalised Analysis of Cancers (CPAC), Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3089-4028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gail P.","family":"Risbridger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renea","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prostate Cancer Research Group, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7350-5622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arun","family":"Azad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prostate Cancer Theranostics and Imaging Centre of Excellence (ProsTIC), Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8622-159X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael S.","family":"Hofman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prostate Cancer Theranostics and Imaging Centre of Excellence (ProsTIC), Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3364-6655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth D.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences at Translational Research Institute (TRI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia"},{"name":"Queensland Bladder Cancer Initiative (QBCI), Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Personalised Analysis of Cancers (CPAC), Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Vela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences at Translational Research Institute (TRI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia"},{"name":"Queensland Bladder Cancer Initiative (QBCI), Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Personalised Analysis of Cancers (CPAC), Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21590","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2020","volume":"70","author":"Siegel","year":"2020","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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