{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T13:09:55Z","timestamp":1786712995721,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Natural killer (NK)\/T-cell lymphomas are aggressive malignancies. Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV) infection in lymphoma cells is invariable. NK\/T-cell lymphomas are divided into nasal, non-nasal, and disseminated subtypes. Nasal NK\/T-cell lymphomas involve the nasal cavity and the upper aerodigestive tract. Non-nasal NK\/T-cell lymphomas involve the skin, gastrointestinal tract, testis and other extranodal sites. Disseminated NK\/T-cell lymphoma involves multiple organs, rarely presenting with a leukaemic phase. Lymphoma cells are positive for CD3\u03b5 (not surface CD3), CD56, cytotoxic molecules and EBV-encoded small RNA. There is a predilection for Asian and Central\/South American populations. Genome-wide association studies have identified lymphoma susceptibility loci in Asian patients. Positron emission tomography computed tomography and plasma EBV DNA quantification are crucial evaluations at diagnosis and follow-up. Stage I\/II patients typically receive non-athracycline regimens containing asparaginse, together with sequential\/concurrent radiotherapy. Anthracycline-containing regimens are ineffective. Stage III\/IV patients are treated with asparaginase-containing regimens, followed by allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in suitable cases. Autologous HSCT does not improve outcome. In relapsed\/refractory patients, novel approaches are needed, involving PD1\/PD-L1 targeting, EBV-specific cytotoxic T-cells, and monoclonal antibodies. Small molecules including histone deacetylase inhibitors may be beneficial in selected patients. Future strategies may include targeting of signalling pathways and driver mutations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14030597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T20:44:33Z","timestamp":1643143473000},"page":"597","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Natural Killer Cell Malignancies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Eric","family":"Tse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yok-Lam","family":"Kwong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14189","article-title":"The biology of innate lymphoid cells","volume":"517","author":"Artis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2016.01.007","article-title":"Development and maturation of natural killer cells","volume":"39","author":"Geiger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. 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