{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:35:38Z","timestamp":1787027738395,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the past decade, Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) inhibitors have arisen as a novel and promising targeted therapy for breast cancer gene (BRCA)-mutated ovarian and breast cancer patients. Therapies targeting the enzyme, PARP-1, have since established their place as maintenance drugs for cancer. Here, we present existing evidence that implicates PARP-1 as a player in the development and progression of both malignancy and demyelinating disease. These findings, together with the proven clinical efficacy and marketed success of PARP-1 inhibitors in cancer, present the repurposing of these drugs for demyelinating diseases as a desirable therapeutic concept. Indeed, PARP-1 inhibitors are noted to demonstrate neuroprotective effects in demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis and Parkinson\u2019s disease, further supporting the use of these drugs in demyelinating, neuroinflammatory, and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we discuss the potential for repurposing PARP-1 inhibitors, with a focus on rare demyelinating diseases. In particular, we address the possible use of PARP-1 inhibitors in examples of rare leukodystrophies, for which there are a paucity of treatment options and an urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14030687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T23:02:06Z","timestamp":1643497326000},"page":"687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Existing Evidence for the Repurposing of PARP-1 Inhibitors in Rare Demyelinating Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3807-0528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianna","family":"Mekhaeil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Development Research Group, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D18 DH50 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Cancer Immunology Research Group, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D18 DH50 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kumlesh Kumar","family":"Dev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Development Research Group, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D18 DH50 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa Jane","family":"Conroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Immunology Research Group, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D18 DH50 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-018-0573-6","article-title":"Persistent accumulation of unrepaired DNA damage in rat cortical neurons: Nuclear organization and ChIP-seq analysis of damaged DNA","volume":"6","author":"Tapia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2021.02.007","article-title":"Transcription-Coupled DNA Repair: From Mechanism to Human Disorder","volume":"31","author":"Heuvel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2015.04.016","article-title":"Chromatin to Clinic: The Molecular Rationale for PARP1 Inhibitor Function","volume":"58","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Engbrecht, M., and Mangerich, A. (2020). The Nucleolus and PARP1 in Cancer Biology. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12071813"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12268","article-title":"The PARP family: Insights into functional aspects of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 in cell growth and survival","volume":"49","author":"Jubin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3811","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz120","article-title":"Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation by PARP1: Reaction mechanism and regulatory proteins","volume":"47","author":"Alemasova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.53","article-title":"The multifaceted roles of PARP1 in DNA repair and chromatin remodelling","volume":"18","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5654","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13508-4","article-title":"Selective small molecule PARG inhibitor causes replication fork stalling and cancer cell death","volume":"10","author":"Houl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2019.07.008","article-title":"PARP Inhibitor Resistance: A Tug-of-War in BRCA-Mutated Cells","volume":"29","author":"Noordermeer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-020-0076-6","article-title":"Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibition: Past, present and future","volume":"19","author":"Curtin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.662034","article-title":"Targeting Parthanatos in Ischemic Stroke","volume":"12","author":"Koehler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00fcscher, B., Ahel, I., Altmeyer, M., Ashworth, A., Bai, P., Chang, P., Cohen, M., Corda, D., Dantzer, F., and Daugherty, M.D. (2021). ADP-ribosyltransferases, an update on function and nomenclature. FEBS J.","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16142"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2018.08.022","article-title":"The comings and goings of PARP-1 in response to DNA damage","volume":"71","author":"Pascal","year":"2018","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13748","article-title":"Opportunities for the repurposing of PARP inhibitors for the therapy of non-oncological diseases","volume":"175","author":"Berger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pazzaglia, S., and Pioli, C. (2019). Multifaceted Role of PARP-1 in DNA Repair and Inflammation: Pathological and Therapeutic Implications in Cancer and Non-Cancer Diseases. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9010041"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Liang, C., Li, F., Guan, D., Wu, X., Fu, X., Lu, A., and Zhang, G. (2017). PARP1 in Carcinomas and PARP1 Inhibitors as Antineoplastic Drugs. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102111"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-13-0672","article-title":"Transcriptional Roles of PARP1 in Cancer","volume":"12","author":"Schiewer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03443","article-title":"Specific killing of BRCA2-deficient tumours with inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase","volume":"434","author":"Bryant","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03445","article-title":"Targeting the DNA repair defect in BRCA mutant cells as a therapeutic strategy","volume":"434","author":"Farmer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2013.00301","article-title":"Structural Implications for Selective Targeting of PARPs","volume":"3","author":"Steffen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564601","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.564601","article-title":"PARP Inhibitors: Clinical Relevance, Mechanisms of Action and Tumor Resistance","volume":"8","author":"Rose","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113898","article-title":"Structure-based design, synthesis, and evaluation of inhibitors with high selectivity for PARP-1 over PARP-2","volume":"227","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9575","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.6b00055","article-title":"An Update on Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 (PARP-1) Inhibitors: Opportunities and Challenges in Cancer Therapy","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-12-472845","article-title":"Parp-2 is required to maintain hematopoiesis following sublethal \u03b3-irradiation in mice","volume":"122","author":"Lozano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6875","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.5b00680","article-title":"Discovery of 2-[1-(4,4-Difluorocyclohexyl)piperidin-4-yl]-6-fluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole-4-carboxamide (NMS-P118): A Potent, Orally Available, and Highly Selective PARP-1 Inhibitor for Cancer Therapy","volume":"58","author":"Papeo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ke, Y., Wang, C., Zhang, J., Zhong, X., Zeng, X., and Ba, X. (2019). The Role of PARPs in Inflammation\u2014and Metabolic\u2014Related Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms and Beyond. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8091047"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4446","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/18.16.4446","article-title":"Resistance to endotoxic shock as a consequence of defective NF-kappa B activation in poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 deficient mice","volume":"18","author":"Oliver","year":"1999","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"561","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of a novel, potent inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase","volume":"50","author":"Mabley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Agents Actions"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh239","article-title":"Transcription regulation of TNF- -early response genes by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 in murine heart endothelial cells","volume":"32","author":"Carrillo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"761","article-title":"Inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 suppress transcriptional activation in lymphocytes and ameliorate autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rats","volume":"137","author":"Chiarugi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers5030943","article-title":"PARP-1: Friend or Foe of DNA Damage and Repair in Tumorigenesis?","volume":"5","author":"Swindall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm1963","article-title":"Poly(ADP-ribose): Novel functions for an old molecule","volume":"7","author":"Schreiber","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.04.008","article-title":"PARP inhibitors: New partners in the therapy of cancer and inflammatory diseases","volume":"47","author":"Linares","year":"2009","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.08.024","article-title":"Inhibiting poly ADP-ribosylation increases fatty acid oxidation and protects against fatty liver disease","volume":"66","author":"Gariani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/s11523-019-00680-2","article-title":"PARP Inhibition in Cancer: An Update on Clinical Development","volume":"14","author":"Sachdev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Target. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2014.07.001","article-title":"Targeting poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase1 in neurological diseases: A promising trove for new pharmacological interventions to enter clinical translation","volume":"76","author":"Sriram","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.2174\/187153011797881184","article-title":"Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) as immune regulator","volume":"11","author":"Laudisi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord.-Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1362","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2014.331","article-title":"PARP1 activation\/expression modulates regional-specific neuronal and glial responses to seizure in a hemodynamic-independent manner","volume":"5","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"20054784","article-title":"Systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide impairs glutathione redox state and object recognition in male mice. The effect of PARP-1 inhibitor","volume":"47","author":"Jacewicz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Folia Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06296.x","article-title":"PolyADP-ribosylation is required for long-term memory formation in mammals","volume":"111","author":"Goldberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.4.1845","article-title":"Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation basally activated by DNA strand breaks reflects glutamate-nitric oxide neurotransmission","volume":"97","author":"Pieper","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07471.x","article-title":"Apoptosis inducing factor and PARP-mediated injury in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"991","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1080\/01677060802610604","article-title":"From Form to Function: The Ways to Know a Neuron","volume":"23","author":"Meinertzhagen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurogenet."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.04.018","article-title":"PARP inhibition protects mitochondria and reduces ROS production via PARP-1-ATF4-MKP-1-MAPK retrograde pathway","volume":"108","author":"Hocsak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2017.09.003","article-title":"Nitric oxide signaling in neurodegeneration and cell death","volume":"Volume 82","author":"Dawson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Advances in Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5552-09.2010","article-title":"NAD+ Depletion Is Necessary and Sufficient forPoly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1-Mediated Neuronal Death","volume":"30","author":"Alano","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2014.05.023","article-title":"PARP-1 activation causes neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 region by increasing the expression of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors","volume":"70","author":"Gerace","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2011.00042","article-title":"Ca2+ Permeable AMPA Channels in Diseases of the Nervous System","volume":"4","author":"Weiss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.3194","article-title":"PARP-1 Inhibition Attenuates Neuronal Loss, Microglia Activation and Neurological Deficits after Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"31","author":"Stoica","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15220","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1509754112","article-title":"Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 is a novel target to promote axonal regeneration","volume":"112","author":"Brochier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-00930-0","article-title":"Oligodendrocyte lineage cells and depression","volume":"26","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2019.01.002","article-title":"Molecular Control of Oligodendrocyte Development","volume":"42","author":"Elbaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23206","article-title":"Mechanical plasticity during oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination","volume":"66","author":"Domingues","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2015.01.016","article-title":"Dynamics and Mechanisms of CNS Myelination","volume":"32","author":"Bercury","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109695","article-title":"PARP1-mediated PARylation activity is essential for oligodendroglial differentiation and CNS myelination","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp337","article-title":"Inhibiting poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase: A potential therapy against oligodendrocyte death","volume":"133","author":"Veto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22441","article-title":"Zn2+-induced ERK activation mediates PARP-1-dependent ischemic-reoxygenation damage to oligodendrocytes","volume":"61","author":"Domercq","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scr.2017.05.011","article-title":"PARP activity and inhibition in fetal and adult oligodendrocyte precursor cells: Effect on cell survival and differentiation","volume":"22","author":"Baldassarro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2019.05.004","article-title":"Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"94","author":"Subhramanyam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-022516-034406","article-title":"Microglia in Physiology and Disease","volume":"79","author":"Wolf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120240","article-title":"Microglia Development and Function","volume":"32","author":"Nayak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2005.09.001","article-title":"Like cops on the beat: The active role of resting microglia","volume":"28","author":"Raivich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(98)00069-0","article-title":"Reactive microgliosis","volume":"57","author":"Streit","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2288","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.4.2288","article-title":"Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 Promotes Microglial Activation, Proliferation, and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9-Mediated Neuron Death","volume":"174","author":"Kauppinen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2017.04.014","article-title":"Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 regulates microglia mediated decrease of endothelial tight junction integrity","volume":"108","author":"Mehrabadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1201-1035","article-title":"Regulation of microglial expression of integrins by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1","volume":"3","author":"Ullrich","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23790","article-title":"Microglial NMDA receptors drive pro-inflammatory responses via PARP-1\/TRMP2 signaling","volume":"68","author":"Raghunatha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2012.12.007","article-title":"Astrocitos en las enfermedades neurodegenerativas (I): Funci\u00f3n y caracterizaci\u00f3n molecular","volume":"30","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurolog\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y., Park, J., and Choi, Y.K. (2019). The Role of Astrocytes in the Central Nervous System Focused on BK Channel and Heme Oxygenase Metabolites: A Review. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8050121"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.02.031","article-title":"Dopaminergic Control over the Tripartite Synapse","volume":"105","author":"Verharen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13064-018-0104-y","article-title":"Astrocytes, neurons, synapses: A tripartite view on cortical circuit development","volume":"13","author":"Allen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Dev."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camargo, N., Goudriaan, A., Van Deijk, A.-L.F., Otte, W., Brouwers, J.F., Lodder, H., Gutmann, D., Nave, K.-A., Dijkhuizen, R.M., and Mansvelder, H. (2017). Oligodendroglial myelination requires astrocyte-derived lipids. PLoS Biol., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002605"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1824","article-title":"Astrocyte\u2013endothelial interactions at the blood\u2013brain barrier","volume":"7","author":"Abbott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.239","article-title":"PARP 1 enhances inflammatory cytokine expression by alteration of promoter chromatin structure in microglia","volume":"4","author":"Ha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2008.05403.x","article-title":"Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) 1-3 regulate astrocyte activation","volume":"106","author":"Phulwani","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18895","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M313329200","article-title":"Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1-mediated Cell Death in Astrocytes Requires NAD+ Depletion and Mitochondrial Permeability Transition","volume":"279","author":"Alano","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20936","article-title":"Astrocytic poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 activation leads to bioenergetic depletion and inhibition of glutamate uptake capacity","volume":"58","author":"Tang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2021.108502","article-title":"PARP-DNA trapping ability of PARP inhibitors jeopardizes astrocyte viability: Implications for CNS disease therapeutics","volume":"187","author":"Sinha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.73.0119","article-title":"Adult Glioblastoma","volume":"35","author":"Alexander","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3838","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.30.0582","article-title":"Scale to Predict Survival After Surgery for Recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme","volume":"28","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.2174\/1874467211205010102","article-title":"Temozolomide: Mechanisms of Action, Repair and Resistance","volume":"5","author":"Jihong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2217\/cns.12.13","article-title":"The potential of PARP inhibitors in neuro-oncology","volume":"1","author":"Carruthers","year":"2012","journal-title":"CNS Oncol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46348","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.18013","article-title":"PARP1expression and its correlation with survival is tumour molecular subtype dependent in glioblastoma","volume":"8","author":"Kouhsari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-17-0365","article-title":"Restricted Delivery of Talazoparib Across the Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Limits the Sensitizing Effects of PARP Inhibition on Temozolomide Therapy in Glioblastoma","volume":"16","author":"Kizilbash","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-15-0553","article-title":"Efficacy of PARP Inhibitor Rucaparib in Orthotopic Glioblastoma Xenografts Is Limited by Ineffective Drug Penetration into the Central Nervous System","volume":"14","author":"Parrish","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-08-0854","article-title":"Effective sensitization of temozolomide by ABT-888 is lost with development of temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma xenograft lines","volume":"8","author":"Clarke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"djv369","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djv369","article-title":"Delineation of MGMT Hypermethylation as a Biomarker for Veliparib-Mediated Temozolomide-Sensitizing Therapy of Glioblastoma","volume":"108","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, K., and Zhang, G. (2021). The role of PARP1 in neurodegenerative diseases and aging. FEBS J.","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15716"},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis: Pathogenesis, Symptoms, Diagnoses and Cell-Based Therapy","volume":"19","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell J."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20525","article-title":"Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 activation in a primate model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"81","author":"Kauppinen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(01)00329-0","article-title":"Role of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase activation in the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis","volume":"117","author":"Scott","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.103.063214","article-title":"The Therapeutic Effects of PJ34 [N-(6-Oxo-5,6-dihydrophenanthridin-2-yl)-N,N-dimethylacetamide.HCl], a Selective Inhibitor of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase, in Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis Are Associated with Immunomodulation","volume":"310","author":"Scott","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2011.10.002","article-title":"Targeting poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 as a promising approach for immunomodulation in multiple sclerosis?","volume":"18","author":"Cavone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511399113","article-title":"PARP-1 inhibition prevents CNS migration of dendritic cells during EAE, suppressing the encephalitogenic response and relapse severity","volume":"17","author":"Cavone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0729-x","article-title":"PARP inhibition in leukocytes diminishes inflammation via effects on integrins\/cytoskeleton and protects the blood-brain barrier","volume":"13","author":"Rom","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/35081564","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"2","author":"Goedert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaat8407","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat8407","article-title":"Poly(ADP-ribose) drives pathologic \u03b1-synuclein neurodegeneration in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"362","author":"Kam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00058","article-title":"Cancer Imprints an Increased PARP-1 and p53-Dependent Resistance to Oxidative Stress on Lymphocytes of Patients That Later Develop Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"12","author":"Salech","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00255","article-title":"Nicotinamide, a Poly [ADP-Ribose] Polymerase 1 (PARP-1) Inhibitor, as an Adjunctive Therapy for the Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"12","author":"Salech","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2678","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05031-9","article-title":"Analysis of PARP inhibitor toxicity by multidimensional fluorescence microscopy reveals mechanisms of sensitivity and resistance","volume":"9","author":"Michelena","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11500","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3203-08.2008","article-title":"Nicotinamide Restores Cognition in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Transgenic Mice via a Mechanism Involving Sirtuin Inhibition and Selective Reduction of Thr231-Phosphotau","volume":"28","author":"Green","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"264","article-title":"Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors protect against MPTP-induced depletions of striatal dopamine and cortical noradrenaline in C57B1\/6 mice","volume":"729","author":"Cosi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2003.09.072","article-title":"The PARP inhibitor benzamide protects against kainate and NMDA but not AMPA lesioning of the mouse striatum in vivo","volume":"996","author":"Cosi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2012.11.020","article-title":"Nicotinamide forestalls pathology and cognitive decline in Alzheimer mice: Evidence for improved neuronal bioenergetics and autophagy procession","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2017.11.003","article-title":"Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 alters expression of mitochondria-related genes in PC12 cells: Relevance to mitochondrial homeostasis in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"1865","author":"Czapski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martire, S., Fuso, A., Rotili, D., Tempera, I., Giordano, C., De Zottis, I., Muzi, A., Vernole, P., Graziani, G., and Lococo, E. (2013). PARP-1 Modulates Amyloid Beta Peptide-Induced Neuronal Damage. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072169"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333ra48","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aad0623","article-title":"Cultured networks of excitatory projection neurons and inhibitory interneurons for studying human cortical neurotoxicity","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-016-1864-6","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effects of Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase Inhibitor Olaparib in Transient Cerebral Ischemia","volume":"41","author":"Teng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"1487","article-title":"Long-lasting neuroprotection and neurological improvement in stroke models with new, potent and brain permeable inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase","volume":"165","author":"Moroni","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2001.tb00385.x","article-title":"The Neurotoxicant, Cuprizone, as a Model to Study Demyelination and Remyelination in the Central Nervous System","volume":"11","author":"Matsushima","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-31","article-title":"Microglial activation induced by brain trauma is suppressed by post-injury treatment with a PARP inhibitor","volume":"9","author":"Bingham","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000560","article-title":"Leukodystrophies","volume":"24","author":"Waldman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contin. Lifelong Learn. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2020.1699060","article-title":"An update on clinical, pathological, diagnostic, and therapeutic perspectives of childhood leukodystrophies","volume":"20","author":"Ashrafi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-0653-2_13","article-title":"Leukodystrophies","volume":"724","author":"Perlman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30143-7","article-title":"Diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of leukodystrophies","volume":"18","author":"Schiffmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-9913-8_9","article-title":"Astroglia in Leukodystrophies","volume":"1175","author":"Jorge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_117","unstructured":"Lamichhane, A., and Rocha Cabrero, F. (2021). Metachromatic Leukodystrophy. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23743","article-title":"Krabbe disease: One Hundred years from the bedside to the bench to the bedside","volume":"94","author":"Wenger","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23891","article-title":"Clinical management of Krabbe disease","volume":"94","author":"Escolar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"689","article-title":"Insights into the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Krabbe Disease","volume":"13","author":"Bongarzone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Endocrinol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3878","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.169342","article-title":"Galactosylsphingosine (psychosine) induced demyelination is attenuated by sphingosine 1-phosphate signalling","volume":"128","author":"Dev","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738030180090201","article-title":"Globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbe\u2019s disease): Update","volume":"18","author":"Suzuki","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.01-0798com","article-title":"Galactosylsphingosine (psychosine) -induced expression of cytokine-mediated inducible nitric oxide synthases via AP-1 and C\/EBP: Implications for Krabbe disease","volume":"16","author":"Giri","year":"2002","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(96)00166-X","article-title":"IL-6 and TNF\u03b1 expression in brains of twitcher, quaking and normal mice","volume":"73","author":"LeVine","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000230153.34613.84","article-title":"Peripheral neuropathy in Krabbe disease: Electrodiagnostic findings","volume":"67","author":"Siddiqi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3104","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2346-19.2020","article-title":"Fingolimod Rescues Demyelination in a Mouse Model of Krabbe\u2019s Disease","volume":"40","author":"Yssel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-014-0486-0","article-title":"X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy: Pathogenesis and Treatment","volume":"14","author":"Engelen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2013.11.023","article-title":"Pathophysiology of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy","volume":"98","author":"Berger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro0421","article-title":"X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy","volume":"3","author":"Moser","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1002\/jdn.10003","article-title":"X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: Pathology, pathophysiology, diagnostic testing, newborn screening and therapies","volume":"80","author":"Turk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2007.08.008","article-title":"Induction of lipid peroxidation and decrease of antioxidant defenses in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy","volume":"25","author":"Deon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy127","article-title":"Impaired plasticity of macrophages in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy","volume":"141","author":"Weinhofer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2010.00392.x","article-title":"Pathomechanisms Underlying X-Adrenoleukodystrophy: A Three-Hit Hypothesis","volume":"20","author":"Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1998.71010078.x","article-title":"Cytokine-induced accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids in rat C6 glial cells: Implication for X-adrenoleukodystrophy","volume":"71","author":"Khan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738030180090301","article-title":"Metachromatic Leukodystrophy: Recent Research Developments","volume":"18","author":"Gieselmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.2008.01058.x","article-title":"Metachromatic leukodystrophy\u2014Mutation analysis provides further evidence of genotype-phenotype correlation","volume":"74","author":"Biffi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Genet."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1253412","article-title":"Metachromatic Leukodystrophy\u2014An Update","volume":"41","author":"Gieselmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23792","article-title":"Gene therapy for metachromatic leukodystrophy","volume":"94","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24579","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24579","article-title":"Cerebral Spinal Fluid levels of Cytokines are elevated in Patients with Metachromatic Leukodystrophy","volume":"6","author":"Thibert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2007.06.011","article-title":"Immune Response in Leukodystrophies","volume":"37","author":"Eichler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23598","article-title":"Microglia damage precedes major myelin breakdown in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy and metachromatic leukodystrophy","volume":"67","author":"Bergner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2015.69","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory Therapy with Simvastatin Improves Neuroinflammation and CNS Function in a Mouse Model of Metachromatic Leukodystrophy","volume":"23","author":"Stein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/59.12.1063","article-title":"Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in the Central Nervous System of Patients with X-Adrenoleukodystrophy","volume":"59","author":"Gilg","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"1282","article-title":"Effect of psychosine on inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression under different culture conditions: Implications for Krabbe disease","volume":"15","author":"Bashir","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010991420942","article-title":"Psychosine Is as Potent an Inducer of Cell Death as C6-Ceramide in Cultured Fibroblasts and in MOCH-1 Cells","volume":"26","author":"Tohyama","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208289","article-title":"Parp-1 deficiency causes an increase of deletion mutations and insertions\/rearrangements in vivo after treatment with an alkylating agent","volume":"24","author":"Shibata","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"27","article-title":"Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase: A guardian angel protecting the genome and suppressing tumorigenesis","volume":"1552","author":"Tong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvp144","article-title":"PARP inhibition delays transition of hypertensive cardiopathy to heart failure in spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"83","author":"Bartha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.3.841","article-title":"Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity is insufficient to induce tetraploidy","volume":"29","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.00077","article-title":"Delayed PARP-1 Inhibition Alleviates Post-stroke Inflammation in Male Versus Female Mice: Differences and Similarities","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/14\/3\/687\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:10:36Z","timestamp":1760134236000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/14\/3\/687"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]]},"references-count":150,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers14030687"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers14030687","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]]}}}