{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T07:02:49Z","timestamp":1781074969274,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NCI\u2019s USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center (CORE)","award":["5P30CA014089-40"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5P30CA014089-40"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KL2TR001854"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL2TR001854"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01CA196390"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01CA196390"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01CA093900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01CA093900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000892","name":"Prostate Cancer Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Challenge Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Challenge Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000892","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urinary bladder cancer (BCa) is the 10th most frequent cancer in the world, most commonly found among the elderly population, and becomes highly lethal once cells have spread from the primary tumor to surrounding tissues and distant organs. Cystectomy, alone or with other treatments, is used to treat most BCa patients, as it offers the best chance of cure. However, even with curative intent, 29% of patients experience relapse of the cancer, 50% of which occur within the first year of surgery. This study aims to use the liquid biopsy to noninvasively detect disease and discover prognostic markers for disease progression. Using the third generation high-definition single cell assay (HDSCA3.0), 50 bladder cancer patient samples and 50 normal donor (ND) samples were analyzed for circulating rare events in the peripheral blood (PB), including circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and large extracellular vesicles (LEVs). Here, we show that (i) CTCs and LEVs are detected in the PB of BCa patients prior to cystectomy, (ii) there is a high heterogeneity of CTCs, and (iii) liquid biopsy analytes correlate with clinical data elements. We observed a significant difference in the incidence of rare cells and LEVs between BCa and ND samples (median of 74.61 cells\/mL and 30.91 LEVs\/mL vs. 34.46 cells\/mL and 3.34 LEVs\/mL, respectively). Furthermore, using classification models for the liquid biopsy data, we achieved a sensitivity of 78% and specificity of 92% for the identification of BCa patient samples. Taken together, these data support the clinical utility of the liquid biopsy in detecting BCa, as well as the potential for predicting cancer recurrence and survival post-cystectomy to better inform treatment decisions in BCa care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14030758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T09:59:21Z","timestamp":1643709561000},"page":"758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Characterization of Cellular and Acellular Analytes from Pre-Cystectomy Liquid Biopsies in Patients Newly Diagnosed with Primary Bladder Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Stephanie N.","family":"Shishido","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salmaan","family":"Sayeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8622-6251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Courcoubetis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hooman","family":"Djaladat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catherine & Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gus","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catherine & Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth J.","family":"Pienta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Nieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna E.","family":"Hansel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihir","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catherine & Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inderbir S.","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catherine & Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"},{"name":"Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2629-4505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"},{"name":"Catherine & Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"},{"name":"Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"},{"name":"Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5933-5003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"},{"name":"Catherine & Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"},{"name":"Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saginala, 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