{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:59:06Z","timestamp":1791899946628,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The development of chemoresistance to paclitaxel and carboplatin represents a major therapeutic challenge in ovarian cancer, a disease frequently characterized by malignant ascites and extrapelvic metastasis. Microtentacles (McTNs) are tubulin-based projections observed in detached breast cancer cells. In this study, we investigated whether ovarian cancers exhibit McTNs and characterized McTN biology. Methods: We used an established lipid-tethering mechanism to suspend and image individual cancer cells. We queried a panel of immortalized serous (OSC) and clear cell (OCCC) cell lines as well as freshly procured ascites and human ovarian surface epithelium (HOSE). We assessed by Western blot \u03b2-tubulin isotype, \u03b1-tubulin post-translational modifications and actin regulatory proteins in attached\/detached states. We studied clustering in suspended conditions. Effects of treatment with microtubule depolymerizing and stabilizing drugs were described. Results: Among cell lines, up to 30% of cells expressed McTNs. Four McTN morphologies (absent, symmetric-short, symmetric-long, tufted) were observed in immortalized cultures as well as ascites. McTN number\/length varied with histology according to metastatic potential. Most OCCC overexpressed class III \u00df-tubulin. OCCC\/OSC cell lines exhibited a trend towards more microtubule-stabilizing post-translational modifications of \u03b1-tubulin relative to HOSE. Microtubule depolymerizing drugs decreased the number\/length of McTNs, confirming that McTNs are composed of tubulin. Cells that failed to form McTNs demonstrated differential expression of \u03b1-tubulin- and actin-regulating proteins relative to cells that form McTNs. Cluster formation is more susceptible to microtubule targeting agents in cells that form McTNs, suggesting a role for McTNs in aggregation. Conclusions: McTNs likely participate in key aspects of ovarian cancer metastasis. McTNs represent a new therapeutic target for this disease that could refine therapies, including intraperitoneal drug delivery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14030800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]],"date-time":"2022-02-06T20:36:47Z","timestamp":1644179807000},"page":"800","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Microtentacle Formation in Ovarian Carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9971-9087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jocelyn C.","family":"Reader","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleanor Claire-Higgins","family":"Ory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6395-4501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9359-0422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8055-9645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele I.","family":"Vitolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paige","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sulan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA"},{"name":"Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mc Millan Nicol","family":"Ching","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"},{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"},{"name":"Division of Cancer Imaging, Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel B.","family":"Asiedu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6668-6928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Jewell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA"},{"name":"Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gautam G.","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7657-9683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy","family":"Fulton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3086-6414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tonya J.","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peixin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4724-9738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro D.","family":"Santin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Smilow Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5406-0733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huang-Chiao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart S.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7098-6376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana M.","family":"Roque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21262","article-title":"Global cancer statistics, 2012","volume":"65","author":"Torre","year":"2015","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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