{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T15:35:56Z","timestamp":1791646556382,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005762","name":"National Taiwan University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NUTH 111-S0063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NUTH 111-S0063"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005762","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Helicobacter pylori (HP)-unrelated mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma includes the majority of extragastric MALT lymphomas and a small proportion of gastric MALT lymphomas. Although the role of first-line antibiotics in treating HP-negative gastric MALT lymphomas remains controversial, HP eradication therapy (HPE)-like regimens may result in approximately 20\u201330% complete remission (CR) for patients with localized HP-negative gastric MALT lymphoma. In these patients, H. heilmannii,\u00a0H. bizzozeronii, and H. suis were detected in sporadic gastric biopsy specimens. Extragastric MALT lymphoma is conventionally treated with radiotherapy for localized disease and systemic chemotherapy for advanced and metastatic diseases. However, a proportion of extragastric MALT lymphomas, such as ocular adnexal lesions and small intestinal lesions, were reported to be controlled by antibiotics for Chlamydophila psittaci and Campylobacter jejuni, respectively. Some extragastric MALT lymphomas may even respond to first-line HPE. These findings suggest that some antibiotic-responsive tumors may exist in the family of HP-negative MALT lymphomas. Two mechanisms underlying the antibiotic responsiveness of HP-negative MALT lymphoma have been proposed. First, an HPE-like regimen may eradicate the antigens of unknown bacteria. Second, clarithromycin (the main component of HPE) may have direct or indirect antineoplastic effects, thus contributing to the CR of these tumors. For antibiotic-unresponsive HP-negative MALT lymphoma, high-dose macrolides and immunomodulatory drugs, such as thalidomide and lenalidomide, have reported sporadic success. Further investigation of new treatment regimens is warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14041005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T20:26:41Z","timestamp":1645043201000},"page":"1005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Current Status of the Spectrum and Therapeutics of Helicobacter pylori-Negative Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0054-887X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung-Hsin","family":"Kuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan"},{"name":"Cancer Research Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun-Huei","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan"},{"name":"Cancer Research Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chung-Wu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyh-Ming","family":"Liou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Cancer Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 106, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Shiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Tzong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 704, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9152-6512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann-Lii","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan"},{"name":"Cancer Research Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Cancer Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 106, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19831015)52:8<1410::AID-CNCR2820520813>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Malignant lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. 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