{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T03:08:18Z","timestamp":1791256098761,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is a useful molecular biomarker in oncology research and treatment, but while research into its properties in blood has flourished, there remains much to be discovered about cfDNA in other body fluids. The cfDNA from saliva, sputum, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, faeces, pleural effusions, and ascites has unique advantages over blood, and has potential as an alternative \u2018liquid biopsy\u2019 template. This review summarises the state of current knowledge and identifies the gaps in our understanding of non-blood liquid biopsies; where their advantages lie, where caution is needed, where they might fit clinically, and where research should focus in order to accelerate clinical implementation. An emphasis is placed on ascites and pleural effusions, being pathological fluids directly associated with cancer. We conclude that non-blood fluids are viable sources of cfDNA in situations where solid tissue biopsies are inaccessible, or only accessible from dated archived specimens. In addition, we show that due to the abundance of cfDNA in non-blood fluids, they can outperform blood in many circumstances. We demonstrate multiple instances in which DNA from various sources can provide additional information, and thus we advocate for analysing non-blood sources as a complement to blood and\/or tissue. Further research into these fluids will highlight opportunities to improve patient outcomes across cancer types.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14051309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T09:24:53Z","timestamp":1646299493000},"page":"1309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Transcending Blood\u2014Opportunities for Alternate Liquid Biopsies in Oncology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5208-1613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bonnita","family":"Werner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynaecological Cancer Research Group, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Warton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynaecological Cancer Research Group, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4438-2309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline E.","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynaecological Cancer Research Group, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"241","article-title":"Nuclear Acids in Human Blood Plasma","volume":"142","author":"Mandel","year":"1948","journal-title":"C. 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