{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T21:05:49Z","timestamp":1791493549493,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["243188 TUMETABO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["243188 TUMETABO"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research innovation program Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie","award":["722605 TRANSMIT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["722605 TRANSMIT"]}]},{"name":"Actions de Recherche Concert\u00e9es program of the Communaut\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Belgique","award":["ARC 09\/14-020 and 14\/19-058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ARC 09\/14-020 and 14\/19-058"]}]},{"name":"Interuniversity Attraction Pole from the Belgian Science Policy Office","award":["UP7-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UP7-03"]}]},{"name":"Fondation Belge contre le Cancer","award":["Fundamental Research Grants #F86 and #FAF-F\/2018\/1282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Fundamental Research Grants #F86 and #FAF-F\/2018\/1282"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002661","name":"Fund for Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRSM 3.4567.10, FRFC 2.5025.12, CDR J.0135.18, U.G002.19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRSM 3.4567.10, FRFC 2.5025.12, CDR J.0135.18, U.G002.19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"T\u00e9l\u00e9vie","award":["7.4508.14 and 7.4529.17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7.4508.14 and 7.4529.17"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007355","name":"Louvain Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007355","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005043","name":"Fonds Joseph Maisin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005043","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UCLouvain Fonds Sp\u00e9ciaux de la Recherche","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To successfully generate distant metastases, metastatic progenitor cells must simultaneously possess mesenchymal characteristics, resist to ano\u00efkis, migrate and invade directionally, resist to redox and shear stresses in the systemic circulation, and possess stem cell characteristics. These cells primarily originate from metabolically hostile areas of the primary tumor, where oxygen and nutrient deprivation, together with metabolic waste accumulation, exert a strong selection pressure promoting evasion. Here, we followed the hypothesis according to which metastasis as a whole implies the existence of metabolic sensors. Among others, mitochondria are singled out as a major source of superoxide that supports the metastatic phenotype. Molecularly, stressed cancer cells increase mitochondrial superoxide production, which activates the transforming growth factor-\u03b2 pathway through src directly within mitochondria, ultimately activating focal adhesion kinase Pyk2. The existence of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants constitutes an opportunity to interfere with the metastatic process. Here, using aggressive triple-negative and HER2-positive human breast cancer cell lines as models, we report that MitoQ inhibits all the metastatic traits that we tested in vitro. Compared to other mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, MitoQ already successfully passed Phase I safety clinical trials, which provides an important incentive for future preclinical and clinical evaluations of this drug for the prevention of breast cancer metastasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14061516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T03:34:13Z","timestamp":1647401653000},"page":"1516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["MitoQ Inhibits Human Breast Cancer Cell Migration, Invasion and Clonogenicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8034-5524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tania","family":"Capeloa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Exp\u00e9rimentale et Clinique (IREC), Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Krzystyniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Exp\u00e9rimentale et Clinique (IREC), Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5566-5259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donatienne","family":"d\u2019Hose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Unit, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Canas Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Exp\u00e9rimentale et Clinique (IREC), Universit\u00e9 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50, 50134 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thibaut","family":"Vazeille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Exp\u00e9rimentale et Clinique (IREC), Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maude","family":"Fransolet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, Bology, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Cellulaire, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0694-1947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Bouzin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IREC Imaging Platform (2IP), Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, 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Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6484-8834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Sonveaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Exp\u00e9rimentale et Clinique (IREC), Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2015.12.033","article-title":"Whom to blame for metastasis, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition or the tumor microenvironment?","volume":"380","author":"Pietila","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2011.11.001","article-title":"Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and breast cancer: 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