{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T14:57:40Z","timestamp":1792421860769,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,26]],"date-time":"2022-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we investigated upregulation of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) by enzalutamide in a cohort (n = 30) of patients with advanced metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Patients were examined by [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET\/CT pre- and post-enzalutamide medication (mean 13 \u00b1 7 days). Imaging results were compared based on quantification of whole-body PSMA tumor burden: total lesion PSMA (TLP) and normalized TLP values to liver (TLP-LR) and to parotid gland (TLP-PR). In addition, lesion-based analyses were performed. The median (mean) increases in TLP, TLP-LR and TLP-PR after enzalutamide medication were 10.1% (20.2%), 29.5% (34.8%) and 27.6% (24.4%), respectively. These increases were statistically significant (p = 0.002, p &lt; 0.001, and p &lt; 0.001), while prostate-specific antigen (PSA) serum values did not change significantly (p = 0.483). The increase was independent of prior patient exposure to enzalutamide. SUVmax increased substantially (&gt;10%) in 49.6% of target lesions. The relative change was significantly higher in the subgroup of lesions with SUVmax &lt; 10 (p &lt; 0.001). In conclusion, short-term enzalutamide medication significantly increases PSMA expression in patients with mCRPC, irrespective of prior enzalutamide exposure. The relative PSMA upregulation effect seems to be more pronounced in lesions with only moderate baseline PSMA expression. Enzalutamide may provide a potential enhancer medication for PSMA-targeted radioligand therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14071696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]],"date-time":"2022-03-27T21:27:51Z","timestamp":1648416471000},"page":"1696","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Upregulation of PSMA Expression by Enzalutamide in Patients with Advanced mCRPC"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2985-4099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Rosar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Neher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1522-8860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Burgard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Linxweiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Schreckenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8867-5525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela A.","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0361-2833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Bartholom\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1036-7477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fadi","family":"Khreish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4110-3375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samer","family":"Ezziddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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